RSCN - Biodiversity Management Information System

Locality and Administration:

The Greater Wadi Rum locality as the landscape lies within the Hizma Basin. About 310 km south of Amman and about 60 km north east of the coastal city of Aqaba. The area is located within the administrative territory of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) which is a financially and administratively autonomous institution responsible for the management, regulation, and the development of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone.

Six ministerial-level commissioners, each responsible for a major area of regulatory or operational activity govern the zone. The mandate of ASEZA in terms of land management covers the following administrative districts and sub-districts; Qasabat Aqaba District, Quairah District which includes, in addition to the other communities, the villages of Rum, Salhiyyeh, Shakriyyeh under its jurisdiction and Diseh Sub-District, which includes the villages of Diseh, Twaiseh, Mnaisheer, Al-Twail and Al-Ghal.

Project Site :

The study area for this component originally included the buffer zone of Wadi Rum Protected Area, RSCN decided to include the wider landscape containing the southern nearly connected mountain chains. The purpose of this extension was to look at Wadi Rum as part of a connected system of natural heritage and biodiversity values.

Physical Characteristics:

Wadi Rum is part of the Hizma Basin landscape which links the mountain ranges and adjacent Rift Valley of western Jordan and the Arabian Peninsula. Wadi Rum is the most distinctive landform of the Hizma Basin – the nearly level floor of the basin contains numerous mud flats, the remnants of Pleistocene lakes, and is occasionally punctuated by sheer-walled mountains. The spectacular sandstone structures rise 200m to 300m above the basin floor and often attain elevations of over 1000m. The Wadi Rum environment is a great example of a highly varied desert landscape .

Some 20 million years of ongoing landscape evolution have given Wadi Rum numerous inherited features of past conditions, many of which are undergoing slow modification in response to processes driven by present day conditions.

Wadi Rum lies within the Saharo-Sindian climate zone, with typical desert soils and, due to the long dry months and high temperature, sparse vegetation cover. Altitudes play a major role in deciding the vegetation type in Wadi Rum as they influence the climatic conditions. Differences in temperature and precipitation between the mountain peaks and the bottom of the Wadis have served as a deciding factor in influencing vegetation types, and allow Mediterranean non-forest vegetation types to exist on the mountain tops in the middle of the Saharo-Sudanian biome.

Social Structure :

There are six Bedouin tribes inhabiting the Greater Wadi Rum Landscape. Until recently, they relied on their nomadic life and herding livestock. They are marked by their strong tribal network and their tribal affiliation, they are as follows:
• Zalabia: inhabiting Rum village, Wadi Rum, Wadi Um Ishrin, Wadi Raman and Jabal Qattar
• Zawayda: inhabiting Diseh, Twaiseh, Mnaisheer, Al-Ghal and Al-Twail north of Wadi Rum and Wadi Um Ishrin and NE of the area
• Sweiliyyeen: inhabiting Shakriyyeh and Salhiyyeh, Wadi Raman
• Umran: inhabiting Southern part of Wadi Rum Area Livestock
• Dbour: inhabiting SW of Wadi Rum Area and the southern most parts of Wadi Marsad
• Qudhman: inhabiting Wadi Marsad

Since early times, the natural landscape of Wadi Rum was the main source of life for Bedouins and their large herds of livestock. The only year-round water sources for the local villages were the springs along the eastern face of Jabal Rum and this stimulated the development of the current village at Rum, although the first wells to be sunk in the region were located in Al Diseh Village. Water resources facilitated the gradual shift in local livelihoods, where Bedouins started to seek secure access to water resources. This resulted in the emergence of farming activities and led to overgrazing.

Wadi Rum’s tourism prior to 1962 was simple and very limited from Bedouin accounts. In 1961, the epic film “Lawrence of Arabia” was shot at Wadi Rum and this brought to the attention of movie-goers, the beauty of Wadi Rum. During filming many Bedouin men served as personal guides for crew and other

Biodiversity

The Greater Wadi Rum Landscape falls within the Sudanian vegetation region. There are three vegetation types present in the area namely:

(i) Sand Dune Vegetation Type: This vegetation type is only found in the Sudanian Vegetation Region. Wadi Rum area is one of the best representatives for it. It is made up of shrubs and bushes (sand dune fixatives). The main species that characterize this type of vegetation include Haloxylon persicum, Retama raetum, Calligonum comosum, Neurada procumbens and Hammada scopiana.
(ii) Acacia and Rocky Sudanian Vegetation Type: This vegetation is limited to the rocky areas. Sometimes it is found together with the Sand Dune Vegetation Type. The main species found in this vegetation type include Acacia raddiana, Anabasis articulata, Carulluma spp., Fagaena spp., Gymnocarpus decondrum, and Helianthermum lippii; and
(iii) Hammada Vegetation Type: The main species present in the area include Anabasis articulata, Retama raetum, Tamarix spp., Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia herba-alba and Zilla spinosa.

The following mammal species were recorded in the area: Asiatic Jackal (Canis aureus), Grey Wolf (Canis lupus); Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Caracal (Caracal caracal), Wild Cat (Felis sylvestris), Sand Cat (Felis margarita), Hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Asian Dormouse (Eliomys melanurus), Fat Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus), Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis), Botta’s Serotine Bat (Eptesicus bottae), Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas) and Nubian Ibex (Capra ibex nubiana). The Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) has recently been reintroduced in the area. Rare and endemic species/subspecies of reptiles (Lacerta lacerta cf. kulzeri) and the globally threatened Desert Monitor (Varanus griseus) are also found in the area.

Regionally threatened bird species have been recorded in addition to many species with a restricted range which breed in the area or are recorded in winter, e.g. Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor), Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps), Hooded Wheatear (Oenanthe monacha), Pale Rose finch (Carpodacus synoicus), House Bunting (Emberiza sahari) and Syrian Serin (Serinus syriacus).

This project has targeted the wildlife present in the study area , for more details check the following reports :
- Flora of Wadi Rum Protected Area
- Flora of Wadi Rum Buffer Zone
- Biodiversity of Rum : Study of the PDTRA zone excluding PAP
- Geology of Wadi Rum and its Surroundings

Conservation:

The Government of Jordan recognized the importance of Wadi Rum as early as 1978, when it approved the IUCN / WWF study, which identified twelve sites as potential nature reserves representing the unique habitats and ecosystems occurring in Jordan. Wadi Rum was one of the sites reviewed in this study and proposed as a nature reserve.

In 1991, the National Environment Strategy for Jordan identified Wadi Rum as an important site, requiring urgent action to ensure its protection.

The Protected Area was designated as a Special Regulations Area in two phases; the first was in 1997 following a Cabinet decision. (Number: 27/11/3226). An area of 540 km2 was designated in this phase. In 2002 the Cabinet agreed to extend the Protected Area south by 180 km2. (Cabinet decision no: 224/11/1/986).

In August 2000, ASEZA was established as a replacement for the Aqaba Region Authority and supported by a framework of new legislation. This legislation that enabled the government to endorse the Wadi Rum Protected Area regulations in January 2001.

In recognition to its importance for birds, Wadi Rum Protected Area was identified as an Important Bird Area in the Middle East in 1999 by the Bird Life International. It was also reconfirmed as an Important Bird Area during the national review of bird sites, which was conducted in 2000 by RSCN.

Rum’s declaration as an Important Bird Area is testimony to the presence of globally threatened species which visit the Hizma/Wadi Rum area. They include regionally threatened species and many species with a restricted range which breed in the area or are recorded in winter. Moreover, the site lies on a main bird migration route, due to its location between the Arabian Peninsula and Eurasia.

Land use :

Tourism in Wadi Rum is nowadays the predominant land use and a major source of income for local Bedouin communities. It is also the principal cause of environmental degradation. Tourism numbers have grown steadily over several decades. Between 1998 and 2010, tourism increased more than fourfold, though there has been significant fluctuation in international visitor numbers resulting from external influences outside Jordan.

Most of the settlements occur around the Protected Area. The current distribution of Bedouin villages in and around the Protected Area was originally related to water sources. It is now more related to where tourism benefits lie. Rum Village lies in the heart of the protected area and is the only settlement inside the boundaries. Its community is part of a wider network of Bedouin tribes stretching as far as Aqaba and Saudi Arabia.

Bedouin lifestyle depended originally on the collection of firewood for cooking, heating, making coffee. In Rum, Disi, and other villages with a tourism industry, tourists on camping safaris in the Protected Area constitute another important use for firewood

Challenges:

Tourism activities compromise the main source of impacts in the Greater Wadi Rum Landscape , they are summarized in:
Camping has a negative impact on the environment where solid waste (including human waste) may be safely disposed by licensed camps but others are not as careful. In general, camps litter the landscape and damage the integrity of the fundamental asset that Wadi Rum offers.

Off-road driving: Full-day and short (3-5 hour) jeep “safaris” are Wadi Rum’s main product. The used vehicles have a negative impact, where highly visible damage to the landscape and the ecosystem from off-road driving. There is little or no appreciation of the damage to the crust (and its exposure to wind erosion), the impact on vegetation, or the aesthetic degradation by the specific tourism sector.

Camel & Horse riding: Camels are by far preferable to jeeps as far as their impact on the soil crust, but they do have a pronounced impact on vegetation. However, the carrying capacity is exceeded in areas close to camps, resulting in overgrazing. Camels eat everything. If there is a visual impact there is an environmental impact. If there is an increase in camels, there will be an increase in grazing. Camels are economically sustainable precisely because they can eat desert vegetation unpalatable to other livestock. This has a detrimental effect on species composition in the degraded areas. Horseback riding tours in Wadi Rum are an important product for many of the Petra Region providers, who own horses. But horse activities pose higher ecological risk than camels. Horses do damage the soil crust, unlike camels, although far less profoundly than vehicles. Trips on a horseback usually require daily fodder and water for the horses to be transported by vehicles.

Hunting: Although it goes virtually unmentioned, hunting is an issue in the greater Wadi Rum area and it is also a form of tourism – hunting guides have Saudi and Khaliji clients who pay handsomely for their services. It is said to be the result of a “weak level of awareness about the impact on wildlife”, failure to enforce regulations, local culture and tradition, easy access to all parts of the protected area, availability of automatic machine guns, availability of 4x4 cars in the area and the perception that wild carnivores feed on domestic livestock . Due to the illicit nature of this activity it was not possible to gather any meaningful statistical data on the extent or intensity of hunting taking place, however, rifle shells are ubiquitous throughout the greater Wadi Rum area would seem to suggest that it is an issue of concern.
Overgrazing is another issue that threats the natural system in Wadi Rum Protected area and the surrounding system.

Fauna Species

	Scientific Name	Common Name	Arabic Name
1	Capra nubiana	Nubian Ibex	الماعز الجبلي ،البدن
2	Paraechinus aethiopicus	Ethiopian Hedgehog	قنفذ اثيوبي
3	Canis aureus	Asiatic Jackal	ابن آوى
4	Canis lupus	Wolf	الذئب العربي
5	Vulpes cana	Blanford’s Fox	الثعلب الافغاني
6	Vulpes vulpes	Red Fox	الثعلب الاحمر
7	Felis margarita	Sand Cat	القط الرملي
8	Hyaena hyaena	Striped Hyaena	الضبع
9	Rhinolophus clivosus	Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat	خفاش حدوة الفرس العربي
10	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Lesser Horseshoe Bat	خفاش حدوة الفرس الصغير
11	Otonectris hemprichii	Hemprich’s Long eared Bat	خفاش طويل الاذن
12	Hypsugo ariel	Desert Pipistrelle	خفاش طليق الذنب
13	Barbastella leucomelas	Asian Barbastelle	خفاش
14	Eptesicus bottae	Botta’s Serotine Bat	خفاش بوتا
15	Plecotus christii	Northeast African Long Ear Bat	خفاش رمادي طويل الاذن
16	Tadarida teniotis	European Free-tailed Bat	خفاش طليق الذنب الاوروبي
17	Eliomys melanurus	Asian Garden Dormouse	فأر الحدائق
18	Jaculus jaculus	Three-toed Jerboa	الجربوع المصري
19	Acomys russatus	Golden Spiny Mouse	الفأر الشوكي الذهبي
20	Acomys dimidiatus	Eastern Spiny Mouse	----------------
21	Gerbillus nanus	Baluchistan Gerbil	يربوع بلوخستان
22	Gerbillus cheesmani	Chessman’s Gerbil	فأر تشيزمان
23	Gerbillus dasyurus	Wagner’s Gerbil	يربوع واجنر
24	Merionus crassus	Sand evall’s Gerbil	جرذ سندفال
25	Psammomys obesus	Fat Sand Rat	جرذ الرمال
26	Sekeetamys calurus	Bushy-tailed Jird	جرذ كثيف شعر الذيل
27	Lepus capensis	Arabian Hare	الارنب العربي
28	Procavia capensis	Rock Hyrax	الوبر
29	Histrix indica	Indian Porcupine	نيص
30	Mus musculus	House mouse	الفأر المنزلي
31	Gerbillus henleyi	Pygmy Gerbil	يربوع قزم
32	Coluber sinai,or elegantessemus	Elegant snake	الحية الانيقة
33	Platyceps rhodorachis	Cat eyed snake	السف الأخضر
33	Lytorhynchus diadema	Awl-headed Snake	حية البسباس الجبلي
34	Telescopus dhara	Piece snake	ثعبان جداري
35	Spalerosophis diadema	Diadem Snake	الأرقم الأحمر، حية مرقطة
36	Eirenis coronella	Sand horned viper	حية السلام المطوقة
37	Psammophis schokari	Carpet snake	حية السجاد
38	Cerastes gasperettii	Blind snake	الثعبان الأعمى
39	Echis coloratus	Carpet or saw scales snake	أفعى السجاد الشرقية
40	Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus	Hook-billed Blind Snake	الحية الدودية الخيطية
41	Ptyodactylus guttatus	Fan footed gecko	أبو بريص
42	Ptyodactylus hasselequisti	Fan footed gecko	أبو بريص
43	Stenodactylus doriae	Sand gecko	أبو بريص، الوزغة
44	Stenodactylus sthenodactylus	Elegant gecko	أبو بريص، الوزغة
45	Pristuris rupestris	Semaphore Gecko	أبو بريص، الوزغة
46	Bunopus tuberculatus	Blauch stone gecko	أبو بريص، الوزغة
47	Hemidactylus turcicus	Turkish gecko	وزغ تركي،الوزغة
48	Tropiocolotes nattereri	Nattereri’s gecko	أبو بريص، الوزغة
49	Nattereri’s gecko	Stellio agama	أبو بريص، الوزغة
50	Pseudotrapelus sinaitus	Sinai Agama	الحرذون السينائي
51	Uromastyx aegyptius	Dab OR Spiny tailed lizard	الضب
52	Phrynocephalus arabicus	Toed head Agama	حرذون
53	Acanthodactylus schmidti	Fringe toes sand lizard	سحلية
54	Acanthodactylus opheodurus	Fringe-toedlizard	سحلية
55	Acanthodactylus boskianus	Boscs lizard	سحلية شوكية الأقدام
56	Mesalina guttulata	Small spotted lizard	السحلية المنقطة
57	Mesalina olivieri	Olivier’s Desert Racer	سحلية أوليفر
58	Mesalina brevirostris	Short-nosed desert lizard	سحلية
59	Scincus scincus	Sand fish	السنقنور
60	Ablepharus rueppellii	Ruepilli’s skink	----------------
61	Phoenicolacerta kulzeri khazaliensis	Lecerta kulzeri	سحلية
62	Acanthodactylus opheodurus	Snake like lizard	سحلية
63	Chamaeleo chamaeleon	Chameleon	الحرباء
64	Varanus griseus	Desert monitor	الورل، طراد الخيل، الظليم
65	Bufo viridis	Green toad	العلجوم

AVI-Fauna Species

No.	*Scientific Name*	Common Name	Arabic Name
1	Aquila verreauxii	Verreaux's Eagle	(عقاب سوداء (خدارية
2	Hieraaetus pennatus	Booted Eagle	(العقاب المسيرة (المنتعلة
3	Hieraaetus fasciatus	Bonelli's Eagle	عقاب بونللي
4	Falco naumanni	Lesser Kestrel	عويسق
5	Falco tinnunculus	Common Kestrel	(عوسق (صقر الجراد
6	Falco concolor	Sooty Falcon	صقر الغروب ،الصقر الفاحم
7	Falco biarmicus	Lanner	صقر حر
8	Alectoris chukar	Chukar	حجل، شنار
9	Ammoperdix heyi	Sand Partridge	سفرج (حجل)، الحجل الرملي
10	Coturnix coturnix	Quail	سمان، فر، مريعي
11	Crex crex	Corncrake	(مرعة الغلة، مرعة الغيط (صفرد
12	Gallinula chloropus	Moorhen	دجاجة الماء
13	Grus grus	Common Crane	الكركي الرمادي
14	Himantopus himantopus	Black-winged Stilt	أبو المغازل، كرسوع أبو مغازل
15	Burhinus oedicnemus	Stone-curlew	الكروان الجبلي
16	Oenanthe oenanthe	Common Wheatear
17	Oenanthe hispanica	Black-Eared Wheatear
18	Oenanthe deserti	Desert Wheatear	أبلق البادية، أبلق الصحراء
19	Oenanthe finschii	Finsch's Wheatear	أبلق عربي، أبلق فينش
20	Oenanthe moesta	Red-Rumped Wheatear	أبلق أحمر العجز
21	Oenanthe lugens	Mourning Wheatear	سوادية
22	Oenanthe monacha	Hooded Wheatear	(أبلق أبو طاقية (أبو قلنسوة
23	Oenanthe leucopyga	White-crowned Black Wheatear	أبلق أسود أبيض القنة
24	Falco cherrug	Saker	صقر غزال
25	Falco pelegrinoides	Barbary Falcon	شاهين مغربي
26	Motaacilla cinerea	Grey Wagtail	ذعرة (فتاح) صفراء الرأس
27	Motacilla alba	White Wagtail	ذعرة (فتاح) بيضاء
28	Pycnonotus xanthopygos	Yellow-vented Bulbul	بلبل أصفر العجز
29	Cercotrichas galactotes	Rufous Bush Robin	أبو حناء الأحراش الأحمر
30	Luscinia luscinia	Thrush Nightingale	العندليب
31	Phoenicurus ochruros	Black Redstart	حميراء سوداء
32	Phoenicurus phoenicurus	Common Redstart	حميراء
33	Cercomela melanura	Blackstart	شحيتي،قليعي أسود الذيل
34	Saxicola rubetra	Whinchat	قليعي أحمر، القليعي
35	Oenanthe isabellina	Isabelline Wheatear	أبلق أشهب
36	Carduelis cannabina	Linnet	حسون تفاحي
37	Rhodospiza obsoleta	Desert Finch	عصفور وردي صحراوي، حسون صحراوي
38	Bucanetes githagineus	Trumpeter Finch	زمير وردي
39	Carpodacus synocus	Sinai Rosefinch	طائر وردي سينائي
40	Emberiza striolata	House Bunting	(درسة منزلية (مخططة الرأس
41	Emberiza cineracea	Cinereous Bunting	درسة الشعير الشامي،درسة رمادية
42	Emberiza hortulana	Ortolan Bunting	درسة أورتلان ،درسة الشعير
43	Emberiza melanocephala	Black-headed Bunting	درسة سوداء الرأس
44	Charadrius dubius	Little Ringed Plover	قطقاط (زقزاق) مطوق صغير
45	Hoplopterus spinosus	Spur-winged Plover	قطقاط شوكي الجناح، أبو ظفر
46	Gallinago gallnago	Common Snipe	الشنقب (الجهلول) الشائع
47	Tringa nebularia	Greenshank	طيطوي أخضر الساق
48	Tringa ochropus	Green Sandpiper	طيطوي أخضر
49	Tringa glareola	Wood Sandpiper	(طيطوي الغابة (طيطوي الغياض
50	Actitis hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper	طيطوي اعتيادي
51	Larus ridibundus	Black-headed Gull	نورس أسود الرأس
52	Columbidae	Pigeons and Doves	حماميات
53	Columba livia	Rock Dove	حمام جبلي
54	Streptopelia decaocto	Eurasian Collared Dove	حمام مطوق، يمام مطوق
55	Streptopelia turtur	Turtle Dove	حمام رقطي، القمري
56	Streptopelia senegalensis	Palm Dove	(يمام ضاحك (فاختة النخيل
57	Oena capensis	Namaqua Dove	حمام (يمام) طويل الذنب
58	Strigidae	Typical Owls	بوم حقيقي
59	Otus brucei	Striated Scops Owl	بومة الأشجار المخططة
60	Bubo bubo	Eagle Owl	(بومة نسارية (بوهة
61	Athene noctua	Little Owl	بومة صغيرة
62	Strix butleri	Hume's Tawny Owl	بومة بتلر
63	Caprimulgus europaeus	European Nightjar	سبد أوروبي
64	Monticola saxatilis	Rock Thrush	سمنة الصخور
65	Monticola solitarius	Blue Rock Thrush	سمنة الصخور الزرقاء
66	Turdus philomelos	Song Thrush	سمنة مغردة
67	Sylviidae	Warblers	دخلية
68	Scotocerca inquieta	Scrub Warbler	نمنمة الشجر، هازجة الشجيرات
69	Locustella fluviatilis	River Warbler	هازجة الماء، هازجة النهر
70	Acrocephalus scirpaceus	Reed Warbler	هازجة القصب
71	Hippolais pallida	Olivaceous Warbler	هازجة زيتونية، خنشع زيتوني
72	Hippolais languida	Upcher's Warbler	هازجة الشجر
73	Hippolais olivetorum	Olive-tree Warbler	هازجة الزيتون
74	Sylvia cantillans	Subalpine Warbler	هازجة (دخلة) الصرود
75	Sylvia nana	Desert Warbler	هازجة (دخلة) الصحراء
76	Sylvia hortensis	Orphean Warbler	هازجة (دخلة) الحدائق
77	Sylvia nisoria	Barred Warbler	هازجة موشمة،هازجة موشحة
78	Sylvia curruca	Lesser Whitethroat	زريقة فيرانية صغيرة
79	Sylvia communis	Whitethroat	دخلة بيضاء الزور، زريقة فيراني
80	Sylvia borin	Garden Warbler	هازجة (دخلة) البساتين
81	Sylvia atricapilla	Blackcap	(عصفور التين(ابو قلنسوة
82	Phylloscopus collybita	Chiffchaff	(نقشارة(سكسكة
83	Phylloscopus trochilus	Willow Warbler	نقشارة الصفصاف، سكسكة الصفصاف
84	Fringilla coelebs	Chaffinch	عصفور ظالم
85	Carduelis carduelis	Goldfinch	حسون ذهبي
86	Lxobrychus minutus	Little Bittern	الواق الصغير
87	Ardeola ralloides	Squacco Heron	واق أبيض صغير
88	Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret	بلشون البقر،أبوقردان
89	Egretta garzetta	Little Egret	بلشون صغير
90	Ciconia nigra	Black Stork	لقلق أسود
91	Anas penelope	Wigeon	الصواي
92	Anas querquedula	Garganey	شرشير صيفي، حذف صيفي
93	Anas clypeata	Shoveler	الكيش )أبو مجرف)
94	Milvus migrans	Black Kite	حدأة سوداء
95	Gypaetus barbatus	Lammergeier	النسر الملتحي، كاسر العظم
96	Neophron percnopterus	Egyptian Vulture	الرخمة المصرية
97	Gyps fulvus	Griffon Vulture	نسر جريفون، نسر بني
98	Circaetus gallicus	Short-toed Eagle	عقاب صرارة،نسر الثعابين
99	Circus aeruginosus	Marsh Harrier	مرزة البطائح
100	Circus macrourus	Pallid Harrier	مرزة بغثاء،باهتة
101	Buteo buteo	Common Buzzard	صقر حوام
102	Buteo rufinus	Long-legged Buzzard	حوام طويل الساق، صقر حوام
103	Caprimulgus aegyptiacus	Egyptian Nightjar	سبد مصري
104	Apus apus	Common Swift	سمامة عادية
105	Apus pallidus	Pallid Swift	سمامة باهتة
106	Merops apiaster	European Bee-eater	وروار شائع، وروار أوروبي
107	Coracias garrulus	European Roller	غراب زيتوني،أوروبي،أخيل أوروبي
108	Upupa epops	Hoopoe	هدهد
109	Ammomanes cincturus	Bar-tailed Desert Lark	قبرة موشمة الذنب
110	Ammomanes deserti	Desert Lark	قبرة الصحراء
111	Alaemon alaudipes	Hoopoe Lark	قبرة هدهدية
112	Calandrella rufescens	Lesser Short-toed Lark	قبرة قصيرة الأصابع صغيرة
113	Galerida cristata	Crested Lark	قبرة متوجة
114	Eremophila bilopha	Temminck's Horned Lark	(قبرة تمنك القرناء (قبرة تمنك
115	Riparia riparia	Sand Martin	خطاف الشواطيء
116	Ptyonoprogne fuligula	Pale Crag Martin
117	Ptyonoprogne rupestris	Crag Martin	خطاف الشواهق
118	Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow	سنونو
119	Hirundo daurica	Red-rumped Swallow	سنونو أحمر العجز
120	Delichon urbica	House Martin	خطاف البيوت، خطاف الضواحي
121	Anthus similis	Long-billed Pipit	جشنة الصحراء، أبو تمرة الصحراء
122	Phylloscopus sibilatrix	Wood Warbler	نقشارة الغاب

Flora Species

	*Scientific Name*	Common Name	Arabic Name
1	Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B. L. Burtt	------------------------	-----------------------
2	Adiantum capillus-veneris L	Maidenhair	-----------------------
3	Aizoon canariense L	Aizoon	حدق
4	Pistacia atlantica Desf	Atlanti Pistachio	بطم أطلسي
5	Phoenix dactylifera L	Date Palm Tree	نخيل البلح
6	Caralluma negevensis Zohary	Caralluma	دويدة
7	Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss	Milkweed	زيتة ،غلقة الدب
8	Anchusa milleri Willd	Miller's Alkanet	حمحم صحراوي
9	Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Cosson & Kralik	Prophet-Flower	كحيل مضجع
10	Cynoglossum creticum Miller	Hounds tongue	غريف،لزيق
11	Echium rauwolfii Delile	Bugloss	حناء الغول
12	Heliotropium arbainense Fresen	Heliotrope	عطان،عطاني
13	Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary	Heliotrope	---------------------
14	Hormuzakia aggregata (Lehm.) Gusul		لسان النعجة
15	Paracaryum rugulosum (DC.) Boiss	Persian Navelseed	غبيشة ،أم لبيد
16	Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun	Golden-Drop	مصيص
17	Trichodesma africanum (L.) Lehm	African Trichodesma	حمحم،لسان الثور
18	Capparis spinosa L	Common Caper	كبار،قبار
19	Cleome arabica L	Arabian Cleome	ام رميل العربية
20	Gymnocarpos decandrum Forssk		قضيم
21	Paronychia sinaica Fresen	Whitlow-wort	رجل حمامة
22	Robbairea delileana Milne-Redhead
23	Silene colorata Poiret	Cloven-talled Catchfly	عين البنت
24	Silene villosa Forssk	Villous Catchfly	نوار،عطاني
25	Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq	Jointed Anabasis	العجرم
26	Anabasis setifera Moq	Glasswort	حمض ،عضو
27	Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) Moris & Delponte		العثنان،خريسي
28	Atriplex halimus L	Tall Orache	قطف ملحي
29	Atriplex leucoclada Boiss	Saltbush; Orache	رغل أبيض الفروع
30	Bassia eriophora ( Schrader ) Asch	Woolly Saltwort	قطينة ،أم صوفة
31	Haloxylon persicum Bunge	White Saksaul	الغضا
32	Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf	Thorny Saltwort	شوك الحنيش
33	Hammada salicornica (Moq.) Iljin	Hammada	الرمث
34	Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.Cours	Sun Rose	جرد،رقروق
35	Helianthemum lasiocarpum Desf	Ledum-leaved sun-rose	اجرد الكماة
36	Aaronsohnia factorovskyi Warb et Eig	Aaronosohnia	اقحوان أقرع
37	Anthemis melampodina Delile subsp. Deserti (Bioss) Eig	Negev Chamomile	أريبان أسود القدم
38	Artemisia inculta Delile	Wormwood
39	Artemisia judaica L	Judean Wormwood	بعيثران
40	Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less	Stinkwort	الربد ، عين البقر
41	Calendula arvensis L	Field Marigold	اقحوان بري
42	Carduus argentatus L	Silvered thistle
43	Carduus australis L. fil	Thistle	لسان الكلب ، خرفيش
44	Carthamus nitidus Boiss	Safflower	قرطم لامع
45	Carthamus persicus Willd	Wild safflower
46	Centaurea eryngioides Lam	Eryngo Centaury	مرار بنفسجي
47	Centaurea procurrens Sieber ex Sprengel	Procumbent Centaury	مرار زاحف
48	Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm	Hawkweed	صفيرة
49	Echinops polyceras Boiss	Globe Thistle	حرفاش ،ارث
50	Filago desertorum Pomel	Desert Cudweed	قطينة ،قربط
51	Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf	Gymnarrhena	خف الكلب
52	Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Schultz Bip		قرطف سنبلي
53	Lasiopogon muscoides (Desf.) DC	Wooly Everlasting	قطينة ،كريشة الجدي
54	Launaea capitata (Sprengel) Ddandy	Clustered launaea	مرار لبني
55	Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschler
56	Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil		الحواءة،هندباء الحماد
57	Leysera leyseroides (Desf) Maire	Leysera	رقيقة
58	Onopordum alexandrinum Boiss	Cotton Thistle	عتور ،شوك
59	Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC.	African Fleabane
60	Picris cyanocarpa Boiss	Oxtongue
61	Picris damascena Boiss. & Gaill		حوذان دمشقي
62	Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) Oliver	Crisp Fleabane	جثجاث
63	Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC.	Wave-leaved Fleabane	ربل،شاي الجبل
64	Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth	Poppy- leaved Reichardia	عضيد،رشادية
65	Senecio flavus (Decne.) Schultz Bip	Decaisne Groundsel	زمروق، مرورة
66	Senecio glaucus L. subsp. Coropifolius (Maire) Alexander	Buck's-horn Groundsel	قراعي،الجرجار
67	Sonchus oleraceus L	Common Sow Thistle	جعضيض
68	Varthemia iphionoides Boiss. & Blanche		كتيله ،صفيرة
69	Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Schultz Bip	Sweet-smelling Lavender Cotton	قيصوم جبلي
70	Brassica tournefortii Gouan	African Mustard	فويته
71	Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss	Hairy Rocket	حراقة ، الحارة
72	Diplotaxis spp.
73	Eremobium aegyptiacum (Sprengel)	Eremobium	غبيشة
74	Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce	Spanish pink mustard	غراء
75	Farsetia aegyptiaca Turra	Giant fennel	الجرباء
76	Malcolmia conringioides	Yellow Malcomia	مالكوميا صحراوية
77	Matthiola livida (Delile) DC	Gilli flower
78	Matthiola logipetala (Vent.) DC	Evening Stock	الشقارى
79	Morettia canescens Boiss	Morettia	ربل
80	Neslia apiculata Fischer C. A. Mey. & Ave-Lall	Ball Mustard	فريدة
81	Sisymbrium bilobum ( C. Koch) Grossh
82	Stigmatella longistyla Eig	Stigmatella	ميسمية
83	Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl	Zilla	سلة ، صلة
84	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader	Bitter Apple	حنظل ،شرى ،علقم
85	Cynomorium coccineum L	Maltese mushroom	مصرور
86	Ephedra aphylla Forssk	Ephedra	علند
87	Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss	Spurge	حلببون ، حليلوب
88	Fumaria densiflora DC	Dense-flowered Fumitory	شاهترج ،رز الدجاج
89	Erodium hirtum Willd	Stork's-Bill	قرنوة وبرية،بختري
90	Erodium bryoniifolium Boiss
91	Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd	Cut-leaved stork's bill	قرنوة مقسمة
92	Aristida adscensionis L	Six-weeks triple-awn
93	Avena sterilis L	Animated oat	شوفان
94	Bromus tectorum L	Drooping brome
95	Cutandia memphitica (Sprengel) Bentham	Memphisgrass
96	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers	Bermuda Grass	نجيل ،ثيل
97	Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf	Annual beardgrass
98	Stipa capensis Thnub	Cape feathergrass	صمعة ،ركيبة
99	Stipa spp.
100	Tetrapogon villosus Desf
101	Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl	Afternoon Iris
102	Juncus rigidus Desf
103	Ballota sexatilis Sieber ex C. Presl	Horehound
104	Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Bentham	Common Black Horehound	شرمان ،كتيلة
105	Lamium amplexicaule L	Lamium amplexicaule L	لاميوم
106	Lavandula coronopifolia Poiret
107	Mentha longifloia (L.) Hudson	Biblical- or horse mint	نعناع طويل الأوراق
108	Nepeta calycina Fenzl
109	Origanum syriacum L		زعتر
110	Salvia deserti Decne	Desert sage
111	Salvia lanigera Poiret	Desert Sage	قرعية ،براقم
112	Teucrium leucocladum Boiss	Germander	جعدة بيضاء الفروع
113	Teucrium polium L		جعدة
114	Ajuga chia Schreber	Chain Bugle	عشبة الدم
115	Allium spp.
116	Asparagus stipularis Forssk	Asparagus	زهر الهواء ،عجرم
117	Asphodelus fistulosus L	Hollow-Stemmed Asphodel	غيصلان،بصيل
118	Bellevalia desertorum Eig & Feinbr	Bellevalia	بصيل صحراوي
119	Gagea reticulata (Pallas) Schult. Fil	Gagea	زعيتمان
120	Leopoldia longipes (Boiss.) Losinsk	Long-stalked leopoldia	بصيل أزرق طويل
121	Ornithogalum neurostegium Boiss. & Blanche	Star-of-Bethlehem
122	Urginea maritima (L.) Baker	Sea Onion	عيصلان،بوصلان
123	Malva parviflora L	Cheesweed, mallow	خبيزة
124	Acacia raddiana Savi	Acacia	طلح شعاعي
125	Ficus carica L	Fig	تين عادي
126	Ficus pseudo-sycomorus Decne		حماط
127	Cistanche salsa (C. A. Mey) G. Beck	Pink Broomrape	ذئنون ملحي
128	Glaucium arabicum Fresen	Horned poppy	قطرة،بخيته
129	Hypecoum geslinii Coss. & Kral
130	Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC.		نعيمة
131	Astragalus annularis Forssk	Milk-Vetch	فقعة ،أصابع العروس
132	Astragalus sanctus Boiss	Blessed Milk-Vetch
133	Astragalus sieberi DC	Sieber's Milk Vetch	خنصر العروس
134	Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschler	Spiny Milk-Vetch	قتاد شوكي ،قداد
135	Astragalus tribuloides Delile	Caltrop Milk-Vetch
136	Colutea istria Miller	Bladder senna	السيسبان
137	Crotalaria aegyptiaca Bentham	Egyptian rattlebox	قلاقل
138	Hippocrepis unisiliquosa L.	Horseshoe vetch	حدوية ،وحيدة القرن
139	Lotus halophilus Boiss. & Spruner	Greater bird's foot trefoil
140	Ononis hirta Desf. Ex Poiret	Hairy rest harrow
141	Ononis natrix L	Shrubby Restharrow	لزيق ،لتين
142	Ononis sicula Guss	Rest harrow	اللتين السيسلي
143	Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berth	White Broom	الرتم
144	Trigonella stellata Forssk	Star fenugreek	حلية مخملية ،تفل
145	Plantago ciliata Desf	Ciliate plantain
146	Plantago cylindrica Forssk	Cylindrical plantain	ربل اسطواني ،ينم
147	Plantago ovata Forssk	Blond psyllium
148	Rumex vesicarius L	Bladder dock
149	Caylusea hexagyna (Forssk.) M. Green
150	Ochradenus baccatus Delile	Ochradenus	العنلدر،قرضة
151	Reseda muricata K. Presl	Prickly mignonette	قرضة،قرضي
152	Reseda stenostachya Boiss	Dead Sea Mignonette	حصاد البحر الميت
153	Rhamnus dispermus Ehrenb. Ex Boiss	Buckthorn	سويد
154	Galium aparine L	Cleaver's goose grass
155	Galium sinaicum (Delile ex Decne.) Boiss
156	Galium spp.	Bedstraw
157	Kickxia acerbiana (Boiss.) Tackh. & Boulos	Fluellen
158	Kickxia spartioides (Brouss. Ex Buch ) Janchen	Fluellen
159	Linaria haelava (Forssk.) Delile	Haelava Toadflax	حلاوة،نوار
160	Scrophularia deserti Delile	Figwort
161	Scrophularia xylorrhiza Boiss	Figwort
162	Verbascum fruticulosum Post	Mullein
163	Verbascum sinaiticum Bentham	Verbascum Sinuatum	عمية
164	Veronica anagallis-aquatica L	Water speedwell
165	Hyoscyamus desertorum (Asch. Ex Boiss.) Tackh	Desert Henban	سكران
166	Hyoscyamus pusillus L	Dwarf henbane
167	Lycium shawii Roemer & Schultes	Boxthorn,Desert-thorn	عوسج
168	Solanum sinaicum Boiss	Nightshade
169	Eryngium glomeratum Lam		عود القزم
170	Ferula communis L	Common Giant Fennel	كلخ
171	Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link
172	Forsskaolea tenacissima L
173	Urtica pilulifera L	Roman Nettle	قريص
174	Fagonia bruguierei DC	Fagonbush
175	Fagonia glutinosa Delile	Fagonbush
176	Peganum harmala L	Peganum	حرمل
177	Fagonia arabica L	Gamda

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