Jerash -Dibeen

Locality and Administration:

Jarash Governorate lies in the north-west of Jordan, with a total area of around 410 km2. The Governorate is located between Irbid and Ajloun Governorates in the north, Ajloun Governorate in the west, Zarqa and Mafraq Governorates in the east and Belqa Governorate in the south. The Governorate has five municipalities:
(1) The Greater Jarash Municipality comprising Jarash City, Souf and Al-Kefir towns;
(2) Mi’rad Municipality comprising Rimon, Nahleh, Kitteh and Sakeb towns;
(3) Bab Amman Municipality comprising Marsa’, Mestaba and Jebbah towns;
(4) Al Naseem Municipality comprising Qafqafa, Al Rabwa, Kofor Khal and Belila towns; and
(5) Burma Municipality comprising of Burma town.

The study area covers around 155 Km2 covering the entire municipal area of Mi’rad, and Burma Municipalities, and comprises part of Greater Ajloun Municipality represented in Safa area.

Basically, the study area was identified by including all areas that lie within a radius of 5 km from Dibbin Forest Reserve boundary considering the administrative boundaries of concerned municipalities.

Although the area of Jarash Governorate is small, it has a considerably diverse topography. Altitudes range
from 100 meters below sea level at the King Talal Dam to 1,050 m above sea level (m asl) near Asfour and Souf.
Precipitation in the Governorate is relatively high (400 – 500 mm per year) with large number of springs.

Climate in general can be characterized as Mediterranean semi-arid with two distinct seasons:
a long dry hot summer season extending from May to September and a moderate winter season extending from October to April,
with the main rainfall occurring in the months from December to March.
The climate of the Governorate is highly influenced by elevation.

The western part which has elevations below 200 m asl has scarce rainfall and is dominated by hot dry weather. The northern part of the Governorate with elevations reaching 1,000 m asl has high annual precipitation (more than 600 mm) and frequent snowfall in winter. The Dibeen area, which has an elevation of 750 m asl and lies in the path of the humid west winds originating from the Mediterranean Sea, has an annual rainfall of around 500 mm. The area is characterized by deeply incised valleys, most having water flowing in them a limited number of days depending on rainfall, others are spring fed. Springs show a seasonal discharge variation, indicating restricted storage capacity of groundwater. The only perennial river in the Governorate is the Zerqa River, which discharges into the King Talal Dam.

Safa area extends along the north western part of the proposed study area. It consists of areas with medium elevations and a major wadi system, offering a variety of vegetation cover. Mixed land ownership with olive and other fruit trees, private land with houses and forested areas along both sides of the wadi system. The majority of the vegetation cover consists of the young evergreen oak trees

Socio-economic Aspects: The population of Jarash Governorate increased from 153602 inhabitant in the year 2004 to 237059 in the year 2015. About 86% of Jarash population lives within Jarash Municipalities. The population of the Miradh Municipality represent 8% of Jarash Governorate, while the population of Borma Municipality represent 6% of Jarash population. Non-Jordanians compromised about 29.2% of Jarash governorate population. The male : Female rate is 51.5%: 48.5%

The population of Ajloun governorate increased from 118725 in 2004 to 176080 inhabitant in the year 2015. According to personal communication with representatives from the local community in the southeastern part of Ajloun, the population estimate for each of Safsaf and Saknah villages is in general around 500 inhabitants, many from the Smadi and Zogohl trips.

Jarash Governorate falls within the Mediterranean Bio-geographical region of Jordan. Three vegetation types occur in Jarash, namely Pine Forest, Evergreen Oak Forest and Mediterranean Non-Forest Vegetation. The Pine Forests of Jordan are typical vegetation forms, with the trees of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) dominating. This forest vegetation usually occurs naturally on high altitudes, mostly over 700 m asl. Pine forests are made up of four strata namely
(i) The high trees: Pinus halepensis,
(ii) The low trees and shrubs: Arbutus andrachne, Quercus calliprines and Pistacia palaestina
(iii) Low shrubs and bushes: Calycotome villosa, Cistus villosus, Cistus salvifolius, Smila aspera and others, and
(iv) Herbaceous plants: Fumana arabica, Thesium bergeri, Helianthemun lavandulaefolium.

Evergreen Oak Forest is often classified as Mediterranean shrub land known as maquis or chaparral in other parts of the world. The dominant element is the evergreen oak Quercus calliprinos. It comprises the major part of the forest vegetation in Jordan. Many of the forest components are deciduous like Pistacia palaestina, Pyrus syriaca and Crataegas azarolus.

More than 266 flora species were recorded in the area of which 34 species are considered rare. Ten plant species have vulnerable status and one threatened status. These are:
Vulnerable: Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis), Abundant Flowering Orchid (Neotinea macalata),
Sword-leaved Helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia), Anatolian Orchid (Orchis anatolica), Violet Limodore (Limodorum aborytivum);
Spider Orchid (Ophrys transhyrcana), Toothed Orchid (Orchis tridentate), Holy Orchid (Orchis sancta), Nazaretti Iris (Iris bismarckiana),
Pistacio (Pistacia lentiscus);
Threatened: Cyclamen (Cyclamen pesticum).

From a flora biodiversity perspective, the most important area in the Jarash Governorate is the Dibeen forest,
which is an intact Mediterranean Pine forest . Dibeen forest is considered as a genetic source of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) trees.
Dibeen’s flora biodiversity also includes wild crops relatives such as wild olive (Olea europea), wild pear (Pyrus syriaca) and wild hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus).

The region hosts numerous species of rodents and mammals like foxes, wild cats, jackals, hyenas, as well as the Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), which is threatened by extinction. Also found in the Governorate are the Greek Tortoise (Testudo graeca),
Levant Green Lizard (Lacerta media), Mediterranean Thin-toed Gecko (Cyrtopodion heterocercum),
Stone Marten (Martes foina) and Persian Squirrel (Sciurus anomalus), all of which have a restricted range or are threatened in Jordan,
where they reach their southernmost limit in distribution.

As part of an Important Bird Area, many important birds were recorded like : Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Hobby (Falco longipennis), Tawny Owl (Strix aluco), Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus), Masked shrike (Lanius nubicus) and Woodchat shrike (Lanius senator), Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) and Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus).

The eastern Bonelli’s Warbler (Phylloscopus orientalis) used to breed in the past, but there is no recent evidence.
In winter the reserve harbours good numbers of Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus), Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla),
Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) and Siskin (Fringilla spinus), among many others.
A phylogenetic study revealed that the isolated population of Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) is genetically distinct from all other Eurasian populations.

Conservation

Within the study area , the only designated protected area is Dibbin Forest Reserve which was established in 2004 , through a Global Environment Facility fund, aimed to establish a nature reserve in Dibeen forest. The project laid down guidelines and strategies to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of the biodiversity in the forest area.

The protected area is considered nationally as a biodiversity hotspot since it supports many locally and globally significant endangered species. Moreover, Dibeen forest represents one of the best remaining examples of natural pine-oak forests in the region.

Dibeen Forest is also part of an Important Bird Area (IBA) 2000 with an area od 47 Km2 . It was established due to its distinctive bird community which includes breeding and resident species usually found around the Mediterranean and other temperate climates of Eurasia.

To the south of the study area lies the Kheyouf Special Conservation Area, which spans the border with Balqa Governorate and is part of the Zarqa River lower catchment, located to the west of the King Talal Dam.

Landuse:

Agriculture: the area of arable lands in the governorate is planted with field crop, fruit trees and vegetables. Olive and grape make up the largest percentage of fruit production. This sector suffers from a number of challenges and obstacles that include: fragmentation of agricultural holdings, high cost of production and weakness in competition with other markets. However, the development plan for the Jarash Governorate has given this sector top priority, and if this is pursued without due consideration of biodiversity, especially in the "catchments" and forest lands, the values of biodiversity in the governorate may suffer. Accordingly, any development planning process for this sector must take into account land use plans, zones, patterns and farming practices in the areas near or overlapping with forest lands, natural pastures and watersheds.

Tourism: Statistics indicate that this sector is the most promising and competitive in the governorate. This arises from the existence of the city of Jarash and richness of natural scenery, aesthetics and forests and makes the governorate a popular destination for a wide range of foreign visitors and Jordanians alike. The historical city of Jarash is the second most important tourist destination in Jordan in terms of visitor numbers.

The proximity of Jarash Governorate to the heavily populated cities like Amman, Zerqa and Irbid makes it a favorite destination for leisure and recreation by Jordanians, particularly in the summer season and on Fridays, when Jordanians prefer recreation in the highlands characterized with a temperate climate and dense vegetation cover. As a result, the Dibeen Protected Area is one of the favorite summer destinations for Jordanians. Around 80,000 persons visited the PA in 2011.

Official statistics on Gulf citizens’ tourism in Jordan show an increase of more than 14% between 2011 and 2012. This growth is supported by the current political situation in the region, which is giving Jordan an increasing popularity, due its stability and the mutual connections that join the Gulf people with Jordanians in terms of traditions and social customs, taking into consideration that most of the Gulf tourism is family-based for leisure and recreation purpose, and extends for one or two weeks during summer time.

Challenges

Encroachment on forest lands

Encroachment on forest lands by turning the forests to agricultural lands is considered the most serious problem facing vegetation
cover in the study area. This practice is causing deterioration of the forest lands through;
fragmentation of the habitats and limiting the forest expansion.

Woodcutting

Generally; woodcutting threats all forest lands in Jordan. It causes habitat fragmentation on the long run ,
and reduces the soil fertility as a result for trees removal.
This problem increases as the people’s demand of woods for heating purposes and charcoal productions increases

Fires

Fire is considered one of the most serious problems that face forests in Jordan.
The burnt forests need a long time to recover and return to its original status , thus turning it to farmlands .
On another hand the fauna is directly affected by fire.

Tourism management

The area is heavily used as an escape for the city residents of Amman , Zarqa and Irbid. High numbers of visitors use the forest specially at weekends.
The high number of local tourists increase the pressure on the forest in several ways :

- Trash and litter dumping
- Increase fire possibilities
- Opening new dirt roads
- Wild plants gathering
- Wildlife disturbance : specially during nesting season for birds .

Fauna Species

	Species	Common Name	Arabic Name
1	Crocidurasuaveolens	Lesser White-toothed Shrew	_____________
2	Suncusetruscus	Pygmy White-toothed Shrew	الزبابة القزم
3	Erinaceus concolor	East European Hedgehog	قنفذ اوروبي
4	Hemiechinus auritus	Long-eared Hedgehog	قنفذ اذاني
5	Sciurusanomalus	Persian Squirrel	السنجاب الفارسي
6	Eliomys melanurus	Southwest Asian Garden Dormouse	فأر الحدائق
7	Cricetulusmigratorius	Grey Hamster	الهامستر الرمادي
8	Microtus guentheri	Levant Vole	فأر الحقل
9	Acomys dimidiatus	Eastern Spiny Mouse	_____________
10	Dipodillusdasyurus	Wagner's Gerbil	يربوع واجنر
11	Meriones tristrami	Tristram's Jird	جرذ ترسترام
12	Apodemus flavicollis	Yellow-necked Field Mouse	_____________
13	Apodemus mystacinus	Broad-toothed Field Mouse	فأر الحقل عريض الاسنان
14	Spalaxe hrenbergi	Middle East Blind Mole Rat	_____________
15	Rhinolophus ferrumequinum	Larger Horseshoe Bat	خفاش حدوة الفرس الكبير
16	Rhinopoma cystops	Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat	خفاش بودنهيمر
17	Tadarida teniotis	European Free-tailed Bat	خفاش طليق الذنب الاوروبي
18	Miniopterus pallidus	_____________	_____________
19	Myotise marginatus	Notch-eared Bat	خفاش مثلم الاذن
20	Myotis nattereri	Natterer's Bat	خفاش نتار
21	Pipistrellus kuhli	Kuhl's Pipistrelle	خفاش كول
22	Canis lupus	Arabian Wolf	الذئب العربي
23	Vulpes vulpes	Red Fox	الثعلب الاحمر
24	Felis silvestris	Wild Cat	القط البري
25	Hyaena hyaena	Striped Hyaena	الضبع
26	Martes foina	Stone Marten	الدلق الصخري
27	Meles meles	Eurasian Badger	الغريري
28	Rhinolophus euryale	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat	خفاش حدوة الفرس الشرق الوسطى
29	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Lesser Horseshoe Bat	خفاش حدوة الفرس الصغير
30	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Egyptian Fruit Bat	خفاش الفاكهة
31	Rhinolophus blasii	Blasius's Horseshoe Bat	خفاش حدوة الفرس
32	Sus scrofa	Wild Boar	الخنزير البري
33	Bufo viridis	The Green Toad	علجوم أخضر
34	Testudo graeca	Mediterranean Tortoise	السلحفاة الاغريقية
35	Hemidactylus turcicus	Turkish Gecko	وزغ تركي،الوزغة
36	Ptyodactylu sguttatus	Sinai Fan-fingered Gecko	أبو بريص، الوزغة
37	Ptyodactylus puiseuxi	Spotted Fan-fingered Gecko	أبو بريص، الوزغة
38	Cyrtopodion kotschyi	Mediterranean Thin-Toed Gecko	ابو بريص،سوام ابرص
39	Laudakia stellio	Starred Agama	سحلية عجما سوداء
40	Chamaeleo chamaeleon	Common Chameleon	الحرباء
41	Phoenicolacerta laevis	Lebanon Lizard	_____________
42	Lacerta media	Eastern giant green lizard	السحلية الخضراء
43	Lacerta laevis	Syrische Eidechse	_____________
44	Ophisops elegans	Snake-eyed Lizard	سحلية عين الحية
45	Ablepharus rueppellii	Rueppel’s Snake-eyed skink	_____________
46	Mabuya vittata	Bridled Skink	سحلية
47	Eumecess chneiderii	Schneider's Skink	الرضاعية، الرغاية
48	Ophiomorus latastii	Jordan limbless skink	_____________
49	Trachylepis vittata	Bridled Mabuya	_____________
50	Rhinotyphlops simoni	Simon’s Blind Snake	حية دودية عمياء
51	Typhlopsver micularis	Worm Snake	الحية اليونانية العمياء، دودة
52	Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus	Hook-billed Blind Snake	الحية الدودية الخيطية
53	Dolichophis jugularis	Large Whip Snake	عربيد، حنش
54	Hemorrhois nummifer	Coin Snake	الحية المرقطة
55	Platyceps collaris	Red Whip Snake	_____________
56	Eirenis coronella	Crowned Dwarf Snake	حية السلام المطوقة
57	Eirenis rothi	Roth's Dwarf Racer	حية السلام مخططة الرأس
58	Eirenis decemlineata	Narrow-striped Dwarf Snake	حية السلام المخططة
59	Malpolon insignitus	Montpellier Snake	الخضاري
60	Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus	Black-headed Dwarf Snake	حية سوداء الرأس
61	Telescopusnigriceps	Black-headed Cat Snake	حية القط سوداء الرأس
62	Micrelaps muelleri	Mueller’s Ground Viper	حية مولر الأرضية
63	Daboia palaestinae	Palestine Viper	افعى فلسطينية

Avifauna Species

	Species	Common Name	Arabic Name
1	Circaetus gallicus	Short-toed eagle	عقاب صرارة،نسر الثعابين
2	Sylvia curruca	Lesser whitethroat	زريقة فيرانية صغيرة
3	Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow	سنونو
4	Streptopelia senegalensis	Palm dove	(يمام ضاحك (فاختة النخيل
5	Emberiza caesia	Cretzschmar’s bunting	درسة كرتزجمار ،مزرقة الرأس
6	Parus major	House sparrow	عصفور دوري
7	Serinus serinus	European Serin	كناري،نعار أوروبي
8	Fringilla coelebs	Chaffinch	عصفور ظالم
9	Pycnonotus xanthopygos	Yellow-vented Bulbul	بلبل أصفر العجز
10	Phylloscopus collybita	Chiffchaff	(نقشارة(سكسكة
11	Turdus merula	Blackbird	شحرور
12	Falco naumanni	Lesser Kestrel	عويسق
13	Ciconia ciconia	White Stork	لقلق أبيض ،أبو سعد
14	Aquila clanga	Spotted Eagle	عقاب أسفع (أرقط) كبير
15	Streptopelia decaocto	Eurasian Collared-dove	حمام مطوق، يمام مطوق
16	Cuculus canorus	Cuckoo	وقواق شائع
17	Apus pallidus	Pallid Swift	سمامة باهتة
18	Dendrocopos syriacus	Syrian Woodpecker	ناقر الخشب السوري
19	Sylvia hortensis	Eastern orphean warbler	هازجة (دخلة) الحدائق
20	Sylvia melanocephala	Sardinian warbler	هازجة (دخلة) سردينيا الرأساء
21	Galerida cristata	Crested lark	قبرة متوجة
22	Streptopelia turtur	Turtle dove	حمام رقطي، القمري
23	Carduelis cannabina	Linnet	حسون تفاحي
24	Garrulus glandarius	Eurasian Jay	(القيق (الزرياب-أبو زريق
25	Muscicapa striata	Spotted flycatcher	(خاطف الذباب الأرقط (المنقط
26	Carduelis spinus	Siskin	حسون الشوك
27	Fringilla montifringilla	Brambling	شرشور جبلي، عصفور زغاري
28	Muscicapi astriata	Palestine Sunbird	تمير فلسطيني، مغرد فلسطيني
29	Saxicola torquata	Stonechat	قليعي مطوق
30	Lullula arborea	Woodlark	(قبرة الغاب (الغياض
31	Buteo rufinus	Long-legged Buzzard	حوام طويل الساق، صقر حوام
32	Passer hispaniolensis	Honey Buzzard	(حوام النحل الآسيوي (المتوج
33	Accipiter brevipes	Levant Sparrowhawk	باشق شرقي (بيدق)، باشق ليفانت
34	Aquila pomarina	Lesser Spotted Eagle	عقاب أسفع(أرقط) صغير
35	Falco naumanni	Lesser Kestrel	عويسق
36	Streptopelia turtur	Turtle Dove	حمام رقطي، القمري
37	Otus brucei	Scops Owl	بومة الأشجار المخططة
38	Bee-eater	Roller	طائر الوروار
39	Galerida cristata	Crested Lark	قبرة متوجة
40	Hippolais pallida	Olivaceous warbler	هازجة زيتونية، خنشع زيتوني
41	Troglodytes troglodytes	Wren	(الصعو (النمنمة
42	Dendrocopos syriacus	Syrian woodpecker	ناقر الخشب السوري
43	Carduelis chloris	Greenfinch	حسون أخضر
44	Lanius nubicus	Masked shrike	صرد (دقناش) مقنع
45	Phylloscopus bonelli	Bonelli's warbler	نقشارة بونللي
46	Parus caeruleus	Blue Tit	القرقف الأزرق
47	Erithacus rubecula	Robin	أبو الحناء،أبو الحن أحمر الصدر
48	Milvus migrans	Black Kite	حدأة سوداء
49	Levant Sparrowhawk	Steppe Buzzard	صقر حوّام, عقاب السهول, عقاب السهول
50	Aquila nipalensis	Steppe Eagle	عقاب السهول)البادية)
51	Falco subbuteo	Hobby	(شويهين (البيدق
52	Strix aluco	Tawny Owl	بومة سمراء ، بومةبتلر
53	Coracias garrulus	Roller	غراب زيتوني
54	Upupa epops	Hoopoe	هدهد
55	Alectoris chukar	Chukar	حجل، شنار
56	Petronia brachydactyla	Rock sparrow	عصفور صخري
57	Oriolus oriolus	Great tit	القرقف الكبير
58	Corvus corone	Hooded Crow	غراب أبقع
59	Sylvia atricapilla	Blackcap	(عصفور التين(ابو قلنسوة
60	Turdus philomelos	Song Thrush	سمنة مغردة
61	Columba palumbus	Wood Pigeon	حمام الغابات
62	Circus macrourus	Pallid Harrier	مرزة بغثاء،باهتة
63	Hieraaetus pennatus	Booted Eagle	(العقاب المسيرة (المنتعلة
64	Psittacula krameri	Ring-necked Parakeet	درة هندية مطوقة
65	Apus apus	Swift	سمامة عادية
66	Ptyonoprogne rupestris	Crag Martin	خطاف الشواهق

Flora Species

	Species	Common Name	Arabic Name
1	Adiantum capillus-veneris	Southern maidenhair fern	_____________
2	Ixiolirion tataricum	Ixiolirion	زعيتمان أزرق
3	Pistacia atlantica	Atlantic Pistachio	بطم أطلسي
4	Pistacia palaestina	Palestine Pistacio	بطم فلسطيني
5	Rhus cariaria	Sumach; Tanner's sumach	سماق
6	Arum hygrophilum	Water Arum	لوف مائي , كف الدب
7	Arisarum vulgare	Jack-in-the-pulpit	_____________
8	Ceterach officinarium	Rusty spleenwort	_____________
9	Alkanna tinctoria	Dyer's Alkanet	حنا الغول
10	Anchusa strigosa	Pirckly Alkanet	كحلاء، حمحم ، مصيص
11	Asperago procumbens	German Madwort	سلسلة، سيليس
12	Buglosoides teusiflora	Gromwell	_____________
13	Cynoglossum creticum	Blue hound's tongue	غريف، لزّيق
14	Echium judaeum	Bugloss	حمحم الغور
15	Heliotropium sp	Heliotrope	زريقاء أوروبي
16	Myosotis ramosissima	Early forget-me-not	أذن الفأر المتفرع
17	Myosotis uncata	Forget-me-not	_____________
18	Nonea obtusifolia	Saltwort	_____________
19	Symphytum palestaeum	Comfrey	_____________
20	Campanula stellaris	Star Bellflower	_____________
21	Campanula strigosa	Strigose Bellflower	زهرة الجرس الشوكية
22	Lagoecia spculum-veneris	Venus' Looking-Glass	زهرة الجرس
23	Capparis spinosa	Egyptian Caper	كبّار ،قبار
24	Lonicera etrusca	Honeysuckle	عبهر, زهر العسل
25	Cerastium dichotomum	Chickweed; Grasswort	_____________
26	Minuartia deciplens	Sandwort	أبو حريبة زهري
27	Minuartia hybrida	Fine-leaved sandwort	_____________
28	Paronychia argentea	Silver Knotgrass	رجل الحمامة
29	Silene colorata	Catchfly	عين البنت
30	Silene vulgaris	Bladder Campion	فقيع, طقيق
31	Velezia rigida	Velezia	_____________
32	Cistus creticus	Pink Rock-Rose	لبيد زهري
33	Cistus salvifolius	White Rock-Rose	لباد أبيض
34	Fumana arabica	Fumana	_____________
35	Fumana thymifolia	Thyme-Leaved Fumana	_____________
36	Helianthemum sallcifolium	Sun Rose	جرد , رقروق
37	Achillea biebersteinii	Yarrow	جعدة صبيان ، فلفل رفيع
38	Anthemis sp	Chamomile	بابونج
39	Atractylis cancellata	Distaff thistle	جلوة متحابكة
40	Centaurea iberica	Iberian Centaury	مرار شائع
41	Centaurea hyalolepis	Centaury	مرار زاحف
42	Chardinia orientalis	Chardinia	كاردينيا
43	Cichorium pumilum	Dwarf Chicory	_____________
44	Crepis hierosolymitana	Crepis hierosolymitana	صفيرة
45	Crupina Crupinastrum	Crupina	كروبينا
46	Dittrichia viscosa	Clammy Inula	طيون
47	Echinops sp.	Globe thistle	_____________
48	Filago pyramidata	Cudweed	_____________
49	Helichrysum sanguineum	Everlasting, Sun-Gold	بزاز العذراء , دم المسيح
50	Lactuca tuberosa	Lettuce	_____________
51	Launaea capitata	Clustered Launea	مرار لبني
52	Notobasis syriaca	Syrian Thistle	خرفيش
53	Pallenis spinosa	Prickly Oxeye	عين الثور
54	Phagnalon rupestre	African Fleabane	قدحة
55	Picnomon acarna	Yellow Cnicus	شوك الفار
56	Rhagadiolus edulis	Rhagadiolus	_____________
57	Rhagadiolus stellatus	Rhagadiolus	رويس
58	Senecio varnalis	Spring Groundsel	صفيرة
59	Tanacetum santolinoides	Globe thistle	_____________
60	Thrincia tuberosa	Thrincia	_____________
61	Tragopogon coelesyriacus	Goat's-Beard	ذنب الفرس
62	Urospermum dalechompii	Sheep's beard	_____________
63	Varthemia iphinoides	Varthemia	كتيلة، صفيرة
64	Convolvulus palaestinus	Palestine bindweed	_____________
65	Convolvulus arvensis	Bind weed	مداد، لبلاب الحقول
66	Sedum rubens	Red Stonecrop	عرف الديك
67	Umbilicus intermedius	Navalwort	عصا الراعي
68	Alyssum damascenum	Madwort	_____________
69	Alyssum iranicum	Madwort	_____________
70	Arabis verna	Early rocket	_____________
71	Biscutella didyma	Buckler Mustard	شليق
72	Buckler Mustard	Disk cress	_____________
73	Erophila verna	Common withlow grass	_____________
74	Eruca sativa	Garden Rocket	جرجير / روجة
75	Erucaria hispanica	Erucaria	غراء
76	Erucaria boveana	Sand pink mustard	سليحي, سليح
77	Fibigia clypeata	Fibigia	درهمية
78	Hesperis pendula	Dames rocket	_____________
79	Sinapis alba	White Mustard	خردل ابيض
80	Sinapis arvensis	Charlock	خردل بري
81	Thlaspi arvense	Pennycress	_____________
82	Bryonia cretica	Cretan Bryony	عنب الحية, بطيخ الحية
83	Bryonia syriaca	Syrian Bryony	_____________
84	Scirpus holoschoenus	Bulrush; cluster-headed rush	_____________
85	Cephalaria tenella	Scabious	زيوان، مرار عسلوجي
86	Pterocephalas brevis	Pterocephalus	_____________
87	Pterocephalas plumosus	Plumed scabious	_____________
88	Scabiosa palaestina	Scabious	زيوان، مرار عسلوجي
89	Scabiosa prolifera	Carmel Daisy	_____________
90	Ephedra sp.	Ephedra	علند
91	Arbutus andrachne	Strawberry Tree	قيقب، القطلب
92	Euphorbia hierosolymitana	Spurge	حلببون، حليلوب
93	Quercus aegilops	Oak	سنديان متساقط الأوراق
94	Quercus calliprinos	Evergreen Oak	_____________
95	Quercus infectoria	Deciduous Oak	_____________
96	Fumaria densifolia	Dense-Flowered Fumitory	شاهترج، رز الدجاج
97	Ceratocapnos turbinata	Israel fumitory	_____________
98	Erodium acaule	Roman Stork's-Bill	كسوب الساعة
99	Erodium gruinum	Storks Bill	ابرة العجوز الكبيرة
100	Erodium laciniatum	Cut-leaved stork's bill	قرنوة مقسمة
101	Geraium rotundifolium	Geranium	عطر، غرنوف
102	Geranium libani	Geranium	_____________
103	Geranium lucidum	Geranium	_____________
104	Aegilops ligustica	Truncate goatgrass	_____________
105	Avena barbata	Slender wild oat	_____________
106	Avena sterilis	Wild Oats	شوفان
107	Brachypodium distachyon	Purple false-brome	_____________
108	Brumos tectorum	Drooping brome;Wall grass	_____________
109	Catapodium rigidum	Hard meadow grass	_____________
110	Cynosurus effusus	Dog's tail	_____________
111	Echinaria capitata	Prickly grass	_____________
112	Festuca arundinacea	Meadow- or tall fescue	_____________
113	Hordium bulbosum	Bulbous barley	شعير بصلي
114	Hordium spontoneum	Wild Barley	شعير بري
115	Hyparrhenia hirta.	Thatching grass	_____________
116	Lolium rigidum	Annual- or Wimmera ryegrass	_____________
117	Rostraria smyrnacea	Hairgrass	_____________
118	Piptatherum miliaceum	Rice millet	_____________
119	Poa bulbosa	Bulbous meadow	قثاء بصلي
120	Stipa capensis	Twisted-awn speargrass	صمعة ، ركيبة
121	Tetrapogon villosa	Tetrapogon	_____________
122	Gynandriris sisyrinchium (iris)	Gynandriris	_____________
123	Iris bismarckiana	Nazareth iris	_____________
124	Ajuga chia	Chian Bugle	عشبة الدم
125	Ballota saxatilis	Horehound	_____________
126	Ballota undulata	Common Black Horehound	شرمان، كتيلة
127	Lamium amplexicaule	Henbit deadnettle	لاميوم
128	Lamium moschatum	Musky Archangel	كريس , جرية الحمامة, قريس جاج
129	Micromeria nervosa	Savory	زعتر غير شائع
130	Phlomis viscosa	Jerusalem Sage	ركلب الجمل , مصيص
131	Prasium majos	Great hedge nettle	_____________
132	Salvia hierosolymitana	Jerusalem Sage	ورق اللسان, لسينة
133	Salvia indica	Large-Flowered Sage	لسينة هندية
134	Scutellaria brevibracteata	Scutellaria	_____________
135	Stachys cretica	Cretan Woundwort	_____________
136	Teucrium polium	Felty Germander	قدحة
137	Ziziphora capitata	Field basil	_____________
138	Anagyris foetida	Bean Trefoil	خروب الخنازير
139	Anthylis tetraphylla	Anthylis	_____________
140	Astragalus cruciatus	Astragalus	خزام القط
141	Astragalus deinacanthus	Milk-vetch	القتاد الحلقي
142	Calicatome villosa	Thorny Broom	القندول، الجربان
143	Ceratonia siliqua	Carob	الخروب
144	Coronilla scorpinoides	Scorpion senna	قرنيلا
145	Hippocrepis unisiliquosa	Horseshoe vetch	حدوية وحيدة القرن
146	Hymenocallis cincinnatus	Disk trefoil	_____________
147	Lathyrus aphaca	Vetchling	جلبان عفقة
148	Lathyrus blepharicarpus	Vetchling	سيسعة, سعيسعة, جلبانة
149	Lathyrus hierosolymitaus	Vetchling	_____________
150	Lotus cytisoides	Downy bird's-foot trefoil	_____________
151	Lotus edulis	Edible bird's-foot trefoil	اللوتس
152	Lotus pereginus	Bird's-foot trefoil	_____________
153	Medicago coronata	Crown medick	_____________
154	Medicago orbicularis	Shepherd's Bread	_____________
155	Medicago radiata	Medick	نفل مشعشع
156	Medicago rotata	Medick	_____________
157	Onobrychis squarrosa	Sainfoin	العنبريس الحرشفي
158	Ononis pubescens	Downy rest harrow	الشبرق الزغبي
159	Ononis viscosa	Clammy rest harrow	شبرق لزج نويع الصقلي
160	Pisum fluvum	Yellow wild pea	بسلة كهرمانية
161	Pisum syriacum	Pea	البازلاء
162	Psoralea bituminosa	Bituminose Pitch Trefoil	_____________
163	Scorpiurus muricatus	Scorpion's tail	_____________
164	Tetragonolobus palaestinus	Four-winged pea	سيسعة، جلثون، سيبعة
165	Trifolium angustifolium	Narrow-leaved clover	_____________
166	Trifolium campestre	Yellow Clover	قرط أصفر
167	Trifolium clusii	Clover	_____________
168	Trifolium clypeatum	Shield Clover	النفل المدرع
169	Trifolium purpureum	Purple Clover	نفل قرنفلي
170	Trifolium resupinatum	Pink Clover	نفل وردي
171	Trifolium stellatum	Star Clover	برسيم نجمي
172	Trifolium tomentosum	Woolly trefoil or Woolly clover	كريشة الراعي /نفل البر
173	Vicia sativa	Common Vetch	بيقية ضيقة الأوراق،فول مزروع
174	Allium truncatum	Garlic	ثوم العرب، ثوم الجبل
175	Asparagus stipularis	Asparagus	زهر الهواء ،عجرم
176	Asphodelus aestivus	Asphodel	غيصلان - عطعاط
177	Leopoldia eburnea	Tassel Hyacinth	بلبوس عاجي
178	Muscari bicolor (Leopoldia)	Grape-Hyacinth	بصل الحية ، اجراس زرقاء
179	Ornithogolum montanum	Star of Bethlehem	صاصل جبلي
180	Ornithogolum narbonensis	Star of Bethlehem	صاصل ناربوني, نجمة بيت لحم
181	Smilax aspera	Prickly Ivy	_____________
182	Tulipa agenensis	Tulip	تيوليب., زنبق, قرن الغزال
183	Urginea maritima	Sea-Squill	عيصلان, بوصلان
184	Linum srictum	Upright yellow flax	_____________
185	Linum nodiflorum	Flax	كتان عقدي الزهر
186	Linum pubescens	Pink Flax	آتان زهري
187	Alcea acaulis	Stemless Holly Hock	ختمية زاحفة
188	Alcea setosa	Holly Hock	خبيزة زهور ختمية
189	Malva parviflora	Mallow	خبيزة
190	Ficus carica	Fig	تين عادي
191	Olea europa	Olive	زيتون بري
192	Anacamptis pyramidalis	Pyramid orchid	_____________
193	Cephalanthera longifolia	Sword-Leaved Helleborine	أوركيد أوراق السيف
194	Limodorum aborytivum	Violet Limodore	اوركيد بنفسجي
195	Neotinea maculata	Dense-spiked orchid	_____________
196	Ophrys anatolica	Anatolian Orchid	_____________
197	Orchis transhyrcana	Spider Orchid	اوركيد العنكبوت
198	Orchis sancta	Holy Orchid	الاوركيد المقدس
199	Orchis tridentata	Toothed Orchid	اوركيد مسنن
200	Papaver subpiriforme	Poppy	الخشخاش الأبجر
201	Pinus halepenisisn	Aleppo- or Jerusalem pine	صنوبر حلبي
202	Plantago lanceolata	Plantain	لسان الحمل الصغير
203	Rumex cyprius	Dock,Sorrel	حميض
204	Anagalis arvensis	Pimpernel	عين القط، عين الجمل
205	Cyclamen persicum	Cyclamen	سيكلامن، قرن الغزال
206	Cytinus hypocistus	Cytinus	_____________
207	Adonis annua	Pheasant's Eye	أدونيس مسنن
208	Adonis microcarpa	Pheasant's Eye	حنون البس
209	Adonis palestina	Pheasant's Eye	الأدونيس الفلسطيني
210	Anemone coronoria	Common Anemone	أنيمون، شقائق النعمان
211	Clematis cirrhosa	Evergreen Virgin's-Bower	حبل مسكي
212	Clematis flammula	Sweet virgin's bower	_____________
213	Nigella cioiaris	Fennel Flower	_____________
214	Ranunculus asiaticus	Buttercup	_____________
215	Ranunculus millefolium	Buttercup	_____________
216	Reseda lutea	Yellow Mignonette	حصادي
217	Rhamnus palestinus	Palestine buckthorn	سويد فلسطين
218	Amygdalus communis	Bitter Almond	لوز
219	Crataegus aronia	Hawthorn	زعرور عادي
220	Crataegus azarolus	Hawthorn	زعرور
221	Pyrus syriaca	Syrian Pear	كمثرى سورية
222	Sarcopoterium spinosum	Thorny Burnet	البلان، النتش
223	Cruciata articulata	Cruciata	_____________
224	Galium aparine	Cleaver's goose grass	_____________
225	Galium judoicum	Judean bedstraw	_____________
226	Galium pisiferum	Bedstraw	غاليوم بسلي الثمر
227	Rubia tinctorum	Madder; Dyer's madder	_____________
228	Valantia hispida	Bristly Crosswort	_____________
229	Osyris alba	Gardarobe; Poet's cassia	زنبق الماء
230	Thesium bergeri	Bastard toad flax	_____________
231	Thesium humile	Dwarf thesium	کوفية القمح
232	Kickxia aegyptiaca	Fluellen	فم السمكة
233	Parentucellia flaviflora	Broad-leaved eyebright	_____________
234	Scropholaria xanthoglossa	Figwort	_____________
235	Verbascum sp.	Mullein	البصير الشجري
236	Veronica persica	Persian speedwell	زهرة الحواشي الفارسية
237	Veronica polita	Twin speedwell	_____________
238	Cheilanthes fragrans	Lip Fern	سرخس
239	Mandragora autumnalis	Mandrake	تفاح المجانين ، شجاع
240	Solanum luteum	Nightshade	عنب الثعلب الصوفي
241	Styrax officinalis	Storax-Tree	العبهر
242	Ainsworthia trachycarpa	Ainsworthia	_____________
243	Artedia squamata	Artedia	ارتيديا
244	Astomaea seselifolium	Astomaea	أستومايا أنجداني الأوراق
245	Bifora testiculata	Small coriander	الكزبرة الصغيرة
246	Chaetosciadium trichosperum	Hairy-seeded chervil	مشط الزهرة
247	Bulpeurum nodiflorum	Hare's ear	الدبيق،أو ضلع البقرة
248	Bulpeurum lancifolium	lancifolium	حلوان
249	Daucus bicolor	Daucus	_____________
250	Eryngium creticum	Syrian Eryngo	شنراب , شوك العركباتي
251	Ferulago nodosa	Fennel	شومر ، شمر
252	Lagoecia cuminoides	Common wild cumin	حشيشة الذهب
253	Lecokia cretica	Cretan Lecokia	_____________
254	Orlaya daucoides	Broad-fruited bastard parsley	_____________
255	Orlaya daucoides	Broad-fruited bastard parsley	_____________
256	Scandix pecten-veneris	Venus Comb	مشط الراعي
257	Smyrniopsis cachroides	Smyrniopsis	_____________
258	Torilis arvensis	Spreading hedge-parsley	_____________
259	Torilis leptophylla	Fine-leaved hedge-parsley	كزبرة
260	Parietaria sp.	Parietaria	لسان الطير, خشيشة الجدار

261	Valeriana italica v. dioseoridis	Italian Valerian	نبات الناردين الايطالي
262	Valerianella muricata	Corn salad	_____________
263	Valerianella vesicoria	Bladder-fruited corn salad	حشيشة القط

بابونج

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