Jerash -Dibeen
Locality and Administration:
Jarash Governorate lies in the north-west of Jordan, with a total area of around 410 km2. The Governorate is located between Irbid and Ajloun Governorates in the north, Ajloun Governorate in the west, Zarqa and Mafraq Governorates in the east and Belqa Governorate in the south. The Governorate has five municipalities:
(1) The Greater Jarash Municipality comprising Jarash City, Souf and Al-Kefir towns;
(2) Mi’rad Municipality comprising Rimon, Nahleh, Kitteh and Sakeb towns;
(3) Bab Amman Municipality comprising Marsa’, Mestaba and Jebbah towns;
(4) Al Naseem Municipality comprising Qafqafa, Al Rabwa, Kofor Khal and Belila towns; and
(5) Burma Municipality comprising of Burma town.
The study area covers around 155 Km2 covering the entire municipal area of Mi’rad, and Burma Municipalities, and comprises part of Greater Ajloun Municipality represented in Safa area.
Basically, the study area was identified by including all areas that lie within a radius of 5 km from Dibbin Forest Reserve boundary considering the administrative boundaries of concerned municipalities.

Although the area of Jarash Governorate is small, it has a considerably diverse topography. Altitudes range
from 100 meters below sea level at the King Talal Dam to 1,050 m above sea level (m asl) near Asfour and Souf.
Precipitation in the Governorate is relatively high (400 – 500 mm per year) with large number of springs.

Climate in general can be characterized as Mediterranean semi-arid with two distinct seasons:
a long dry hot summer season extending from May to September and a moderate winter season extending from October to April,
with the main rainfall occurring in the months from December to March.
The climate of the Governorate is highly influenced by elevation.

The western part which has elevations below 200 m asl has scarce rainfall and is dominated by hot dry weather. The northern part of the Governorate with elevations reaching 1,000 m asl has high annual precipitation (more than 600 mm) and frequent snowfall in winter. The Dibeen area, which has an elevation of 750 m asl and lies in the path of the humid west winds originating from the Mediterranean Sea, has an annual rainfall of around 500 mm. The area is characterized by deeply incised valleys, most having water flowing in them a limited number of days depending on rainfall, others are spring fed. Springs show a seasonal discharge variation, indicating restricted storage capacity of groundwater. The only perennial river in the Governorate is the Zerqa River, which discharges into the King Talal Dam.
Safa area extends along the north western part of the proposed study area. It consists of areas with medium elevations and a major wadi system, offering a variety of vegetation cover. Mixed land ownership with olive and other fruit trees, private land with houses and forested areas along both sides of the wadi system. The majority of the vegetation cover consists of the young evergreen oak trees
Socio-economic Aspects: The population of Jarash Governorate increased from 153602 inhabitant in the year 2004 to 237059 in the year 2015. About 86% of Jarash population lives within Jarash Municipalities. The population of the Miradh Municipality represent 8% of Jarash Governorate, while the population of Borma Municipality represent 6% of Jarash population. Non-Jordanians compromised about 29.2% of Jarash governorate population. The male : Female rate is 51.5%: 48.5%
The population of Ajloun governorate increased from 118725 in 2004 to 176080 inhabitant in the year 2015. According to personal communication with representatives from the local community in the southeastern part of Ajloun, the population estimate for each of Safsaf and Saknah villages is in general around 500 inhabitants, many from the Smadi and Zogohl trips.
Jarash Governorate falls within the Mediterranean Bio-geographical region of Jordan. Three vegetation types occur in Jarash, namely Pine Forest, Evergreen Oak Forest and Mediterranean Non-Forest Vegetation. The Pine Forests of Jordan are typical vegetation forms, with the trees of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) dominating. This forest vegetation usually occurs naturally on high altitudes, mostly over 700 m asl. Pine forests are made up of four strata namely
(i) The high trees: Pinus halepensis,
(ii) The low trees and shrubs: Arbutus andrachne, Quercus calliprines and Pistacia palaestina
(iii) Low shrubs and bushes: Calycotome villosa, Cistus villosus, Cistus salvifolius, Smila aspera and others, and
(iv) Herbaceous plants: Fumana arabica, Thesium bergeri, Helianthemun lavandulaefolium.

Evergreen Oak Forest is often classified as Mediterranean shrub land known as maquis or chaparral in other parts of the world. The dominant element is the evergreen oak Quercus calliprinos. It comprises the major part of the forest vegetation in Jordan. Many of the forest components are deciduous like Pistacia palaestina, Pyrus syriaca and Crataegas azarolus.
More than 266 flora species were recorded in the area of which 34 species are considered rare. Ten plant species have vulnerable status and one threatened status. These are:
Vulnerable: Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis), Abundant Flowering Orchid (Neotinea macalata),
Sword-leaved Helleborine (Cephalanthera longifolia), Anatolian Orchid (Orchis anatolica), Violet Limodore (Limodorum aborytivum);
Spider Orchid (Ophrys transhyrcana), Toothed Orchid (Orchis tridentate), Holy Orchid (Orchis sancta), Nazaretti Iris (Iris bismarckiana),
Pistacio (Pistacia lentiscus);
Threatened: Cyclamen (Cyclamen pesticum).

From a flora biodiversity perspective, the most important area in the Jarash Governorate is the Dibeen forest,
which is an intact Mediterranean Pine forest . Dibeen forest is considered as a genetic source of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) trees.
Dibeen’s flora biodiversity also includes wild crops relatives such as wild olive (Olea europea), wild pear (Pyrus syriaca) and wild hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus).
The region hosts numerous species of rodents and mammals like foxes, wild cats, jackals, hyenas, as well as the Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), which is threatened by extinction. Also found in the Governorate are the Greek Tortoise (Testudo graeca),
Levant Green Lizard (Lacerta media), Mediterranean Thin-toed Gecko (Cyrtopodion heterocercum),
Stone Marten (Martes foina) and Persian Squirrel (Sciurus anomalus), all of which have a restricted range or are threatened in Jordan,
where they reach their southernmost limit in distribution.

As part of an Important Bird Area, many important birds were recorded like : Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Hobby (Falco longipennis), Tawny Owl (Strix aluco), Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus), Masked shrike (Lanius nubicus) and Woodchat shrike (Lanius senator), Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) and Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus).
The eastern Bonelli’s Warbler (Phylloscopus orientalis) used to breed in the past, but there is no recent evidence.
In winter the reserve harbours good numbers of Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus), Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla),
Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) and Siskin (Fringilla spinus), among many others.
A phylogenetic study revealed that the isolated population of Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) is genetically distinct from all other Eurasian populations.

Conservation
Within the study area , the only designated protected area is Dibbin Forest Reserve which was established in 2004 , through a Global Environment Facility fund, aimed to establish a nature reserve in Dibeen forest. The project laid down guidelines and strategies to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of the biodiversity in the forest area.
The protected area is considered nationally as a biodiversity hotspot since it supports many locally and globally significant endangered species. Moreover, Dibeen forest represents one of the best remaining examples of natural pine-oak forests in the region.
Dibeen Forest is also part of an Important Bird Area (IBA) 2000 with an area od 47 Km2 . It was established due to its distinctive bird community which includes breeding and resident species usually found around the Mediterranean and other temperate climates of Eurasia.
To the south of the study area lies the Kheyouf Special Conservation Area, which spans the border with Balqa Governorate and is part of the Zarqa River lower catchment, located to the west of the King Talal Dam.

Landuse:
Agriculture: the area of arable lands in the governorate is planted with field crop, fruit trees and vegetables. Olive and grape make up the largest percentage of fruit production. This sector suffers from a number of challenges and obstacles that include: fragmentation of agricultural holdings, high cost of production and weakness in competition with other markets. However, the development plan for the Jarash Governorate has given this sector top priority, and if this is pursued without due consideration of biodiversity, especially in the "catchments" and forest lands, the values of biodiversity in the governorate may suffer. Accordingly, any development planning process for this sector must take into account land use plans, zones, patterns and farming practices in the areas near or overlapping with forest lands, natural pastures and watersheds.
Tourism: Statistics indicate that this sector is the most promising and competitive in the governorate. This arises from the existence of the city of Jarash and richness of natural scenery, aesthetics and forests and makes the governorate a popular destination for a wide range of foreign visitors and Jordanians alike. The historical city of Jarash is the second most important tourist destination in Jordan in terms of visitor numbers.
The proximity of Jarash Governorate to the heavily populated cities like Amman, Zerqa and Irbid makes it a favorite destination for leisure and recreation by Jordanians, particularly in the summer season and on Fridays, when Jordanians prefer recreation in the highlands characterized with a temperate climate and dense vegetation cover. As a result, the Dibeen Protected Area is one of the favorite summer destinations for Jordanians. Around 80,000 persons visited the PA in 2011.
Official statistics on Gulf citizens’ tourism in Jordan show an increase of more than 14% between 2011 and 2012. This growth is supported by the current political situation in the region, which is giving Jordan an increasing popularity, due its stability and the mutual connections that join the Gulf people with Jordanians in terms of traditions and social customs, taking into consideration that most of the Gulf tourism is family-based for leisure and recreation purpose, and extends for one or two weeks during summer time.
Challenges
Encroachment on forest lands
Encroachment on forest lands by turning the forests to agricultural lands is considered the most serious problem facing vegetation
cover in the study area. This practice is causing deterioration of the forest lands through;
fragmentation of the habitats and limiting the forest expansion.

Woodcutting
Generally; woodcutting threats all forest lands in Jordan. It causes habitat fragmentation on the long run ,
and reduces the soil fertility as a result for trees removal.
This problem increases as the people’s demand of woods for heating purposes and charcoal productions increases

Fires
Fire is considered one of the most serious problems that face forests in Jordan.
The burnt forests need a long time to recover and return to its original status , thus turning it to farmlands .
On another hand the fauna is directly affected by fire.

Tourism management
The area is heavily used as an escape for the city residents of Amman , Zarqa and Irbid. High numbers of visitors use the forest specially at weekends.
The high number of local tourists increase the pressure on the forest in several ways :
- Trash and litter dumping
- Increase fire possibilities
- Opening new dirt roads
- Wild plants gathering
- Wildlife disturbance : specially during nesting season for birds .
Fauna Species
|
Species |
Common Name |
Arabic Name |
1 |
Crocidurasuaveolens |
Lesser White-toothed Shrew |
_____________ |
2 |
Suncusetruscus |
Pygmy White-toothed Shrew |
الزبابة القزم |
3 |
Erinaceus concolor |
East European Hedgehog |
قنفذ اوروبي |
4 |
Hemiechinus auritus |
Long-eared Hedgehog |
قنفذ اذاني |
5 |
Sciurusanomalus |
Persian Squirrel |
السنجاب الفارسي |
6 |
Eliomys melanurus |
Southwest Asian Garden Dormouse |
فأر الحدائق |
7 |
Cricetulusmigratorius |
Grey Hamster |
الهامستر الرمادي |
8 |
Microtus guentheri |
Levant Vole |
فأر الحقل |
9 |
Acomys dimidiatus |
Eastern Spiny Mouse |
_____________ |
10 |
Dipodillusdasyurus |
Wagner's Gerbil |
يربوع واجنر |
11 |
Meriones tristrami |
Tristram's Jird |
جرذ ترسترام |
12 |
Apodemus flavicollis |
Yellow-necked Field Mouse |
_____________ |
13 |
Apodemus mystacinus |
Broad-toothed Field Mouse |
فأر الحقل عريض الاسنان |
14 |
Spalaxe hrenbergi |
Middle East Blind Mole Rat |
_____________ |
15 |
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum |
Larger Horseshoe Bat |
خفاش حدوة الفرس الكبير |
16 |
Rhinopoma cystops |
Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat |
خفاش بودنهيمر |
17 |
Tadarida teniotis |
European Free-tailed Bat |
خفاش طليق الذنب الاوروبي |
18 |
Miniopterus pallidus |
_____________ |
_____________ |
19 |
Myotise marginatus |
Notch-eared Bat |
خفاش مثلم الاذن |
20 |
Myotis nattereri |
Natterer's Bat |
خفاش نتار |
21 |
Pipistrellus kuhli |
Kuhl's Pipistrelle |
خفاش كول |
22 |
Canis lupus |
Arabian Wolf |
الذئب العربي |
23 |
Vulpes vulpes |
Red Fox |
الثعلب الاحمر |
24 |
Felis silvestris |
Wild Cat |
القط البري |
25 |
Hyaena hyaena |
Striped Hyaena |
الضبع |
26 |
Martes foina |
Stone Marten |
الدلق الصخري |
27 |
Meles meles |
Eurasian Badger |
الغريري |
28 |
Rhinolophus euryale |
Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat |
خفاش حدوة الفرس الشرق الوسطى |
29 |
Rhinolophus hipposideros |
Lesser Horseshoe Bat |
خفاش حدوة الفرس الصغير |
30 |
Rousettus aegyptiacus |
Egyptian Fruit Bat |
خفاش الفاكهة |
31 |
Rhinolophus blasii |
Blasius's Horseshoe Bat |
خفاش حدوة الفرس |
32 |
Sus scrofa |
Wild Boar |
الخنزير البري |
33 |
Bufo viridis |
The Green Toad |
علجوم أخضر |
34 |
Testudo graeca |
Mediterranean Tortoise |
السلحفاة الاغريقية |
35 |
Hemidactylus turcicus |
Turkish Gecko |
وزغ تركي،الوزغة |
36 |
Ptyodactylu sguttatus |
Sinai Fan-fingered Gecko |
أبو بريص، الوزغة |
37 |
Ptyodactylus puiseuxi |
Spotted Fan-fingered Gecko |
أبو بريص، الوزغة |
38 |
Cyrtopodion kotschyi |
Mediterranean Thin-Toed Gecko |
ابو بريص،سوام ابرص |
39 |
Laudakia stellio |
Starred Agama |
سحلية عجما سوداء |
40 |
Chamaeleo chamaeleon |
Common Chameleon |
الحرباء |
41 |
Phoenicolacerta laevis |
Lebanon Lizard |
_____________ |
42 |
Lacerta media |
Eastern giant green lizard |
السحلية الخضراء |
43 |
Lacerta laevis |
Syrische Eidechse |
_____________ |
44 |
Ophisops elegans |
Snake-eyed Lizard |
سحلية عين الحية |
45 |
Ablepharus rueppellii |
Rueppel’s Snake-eyed skink |
_____________ |
46 |
Mabuya vittata |
Bridled Skink |
سحلية |
47 |
Eumecess chneiderii |
Schneider's Skink |
الرضاعية، الرغاية |
48 |
Ophiomorus latastii |
Jordan limbless skink |
_____________ |
49 |
Trachylepis vittata |
Bridled Mabuya |
_____________ |
50 |
Rhinotyphlops simoni |
Simon’s Blind Snake |
حية دودية عمياء |
51 |
Typhlopsver micularis |
Worm Snake |
الحية اليونانية العمياء، دودة |
52 |
Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus |
Hook-billed Blind Snake |
الحية الدودية الخيطية |
53 |
Dolichophis jugularis |
Large Whip Snake |
عربيد، حنش |
54 |
Hemorrhois nummifer |
Coin Snake |
الحية المرقطة |
55 |
Platyceps collaris |
Red Whip Snake |
_____________ |
56 |
Eirenis coronella |
Crowned Dwarf Snake |
حية السلام المطوقة |
57 |
Eirenis rothi |
Roth's Dwarf Racer |
حية السلام مخططة الرأس |
58 |
Eirenis decemlineata |
Narrow-striped Dwarf Snake |
حية السلام المخططة |
59 |
Malpolon insignitus |
Montpellier Snake |
الخضاري |
60 |
Rhynchocalamus
melanocephalus |
Black-headed Dwarf Snake |
حية سوداء الرأس |
61 |
Telescopusnigriceps |
Black-headed Cat Snake |
حية القط سوداء الرأس |
62 |
Micrelaps muelleri |
Mueller’s Ground Viper |
حية مولر الأرضية |
63 |
Daboia palaestinae |
Palestine
Viper |
افعى فلسطينية |
Avifauna Species
|
Species |
Common Name |
Arabic Name |
1 |
Circaetus gallicus |
Short-toed eagle |
عقاب صرارة،نسر الثعابين |
2 |
Sylvia curruca |
Lesser whitethroat |
زريقة فيرانية صغيرة |
3 |
Hirundo rustica |
Barn Swallow |
سنونو |
4 |
Streptopelia senegalensis |
Palm dove |
(يمام ضاحك (فاختة النخيل |
5 |
Emberiza caesia |
Cretzschmar’s bunting |
درسة كرتزجمار ،مزرقة الرأس |
6 |
Parus major |
House sparrow |
عصفور دوري |
7 |
Serinus serinus |
European Serin |
كناري،نعار أوروبي |
8 |
Fringilla coelebs |
Chaffinch |
عصفور ظالم |
9 |
Pycnonotus xanthopygos |
Yellow-vented Bulbul |
بلبل أصفر العجز |
10 |
Phylloscopus collybita |
Chiffchaff |
(نقشارة(سكسكة |
11 |
Turdus merula |
Blackbird |
شحرور |
12 |
Falco naumanni |
Lesser Kestrel |
عويسق |
13 |
Ciconia ciconia |
White Stork |
لقلق أبيض ،أبو سعد |
14 |
Aquila clanga |
Spotted Eagle |
عقاب أسفع (أرقط) كبير |
15 |
Streptopelia decaocto |
Eurasian Collared-dove |
حمام مطوق، يمام مطوق |
16 |
Cuculus canorus |
Cuckoo |
وقواق شائع |
17 |
Apus pallidus |
Pallid Swift |
سمامة باهتة |
18 |
Dendrocopos syriacus |
Syrian Woodpecker |
ناقر الخشب السوري |
19 |
Sylvia hortensis |
Eastern orphean warbler |
هازجة (دخلة) الحدائق |
20 |
Sylvia melanocephala |
Sardinian warbler |
هازجة (دخلة) سردينيا الرأساء |
21 |
Galerida cristata |
Crested lark |
قبرة متوجة |
22 |
Streptopelia turtur |
Turtle dove |
حمام رقطي، القمري |
23 |
Carduelis cannabina |
Linnet |
حسون تفاحي |
24 |
Garrulus glandarius |
Eurasian Jay |
(القيق (الزرياب-أبو زريق |
25 |
Muscicapa striata |
Spotted flycatcher |
(خاطف الذباب الأرقط (المنقط |
26 |
Carduelis spinus |
Siskin |
حسون الشوك |
27 |
Fringilla montifringilla |
Brambling |
شرشور جبلي، عصفور زغاري |
28 |
Muscicapi astriata |
Palestine Sunbird |
تمير فلسطيني، مغرد فلسطيني |
29 |
Saxicola torquata |
Stonechat |
قليعي مطوق |
30 |
Lullula arborea |
Woodlark |
(قبرة الغاب (الغياض |
31 |
Buteo rufinus |
Long-legged Buzzard |
حوام طويل الساق، صقر حوام |
32 |
Passer hispaniolensis |
Honey Buzzard |
(حوام النحل الآسيوي (المتوج |
33 |
Accipiter brevipes |
Levant Sparrowhawk |
باشق شرقي (بيدق)، باشق ليفانت |
34 |
Aquila pomarina |
Lesser Spotted Eagle |
عقاب أسفع(أرقط) صغير |
35 |
Falco naumanni |
Lesser Kestrel |
عويسق |
36 |
Streptopelia turtur |
Turtle Dove |
حمام رقطي، القمري |
37 |
Otus brucei |
Scops Owl |
بومة الأشجار المخططة |
38 |
Bee-eater |
Roller |
طائر الوروار |
39 |
Galerida cristata |
Crested Lark |
قبرة متوجة |
40 |
Hippolais pallida |
Olivaceous warbler |
هازجة زيتونية، خنشع زيتوني |
41 |
Troglodytes troglodytes |
Wren |
(الصعو (النمنمة |
42 |
Dendrocopos syriacus |
Syrian woodpecker |
ناقر الخشب السوري |
43 |
Carduelis chloris |
Greenfinch |
حسون أخضر |
44 |
Lanius nubicus |
Masked shrike |
صرد (دقناش) مقنع |
45 |
Phylloscopus bonelli |
Bonelli's warbler |
نقشارة بونللي |
46 |
Parus caeruleus |
Blue Tit |
القرقف الأزرق |
47 |
Erithacus rubecula |
Robin |
أبو الحناء،أبو الحن أحمر الصدر |
48 |
Milvus migrans |
Black Kite |
حدأة سوداء |
49 |
Levant Sparrowhawk |
Steppe Buzzard |
صقر حوّام, عقاب السهول, عقاب السهول |
50 |
Aquila nipalensis |
Steppe Eagle |
عقاب السهول)البادية) |
51 |
Falco subbuteo |
Hobby |
(شويهين (البيدق |
52 |
Strix aluco |
Tawny Owl |
بومة سمراء ، بومةبتلر |
53 |
Coracias garrulus |
Roller |
غراب زيتوني |
54 |
Upupa epops |
Hoopoe |
هدهد |
55 |
Alectoris chukar |
Chukar |
حجل، شنار |
56 |
Petronia brachydactyla |
Rock sparrow |
عصفور صخري |
57 |
Oriolus oriolus |
Great tit |
القرقف الكبير |
58 |
Corvus corone |
Hooded Crow |
غراب أبقع |
59 |
Sylvia atricapilla |
Blackcap |
(عصفور التين(ابو قلنسوة |
60 |
Turdus philomelos |
Song Thrush |
سمنة مغردة |
61 |
Columba palumbus |
Wood Pigeon |
حمام الغابات |
62 |
Circus macrourus |
Pallid Harrier |
مرزة بغثاء،باهتة |
63 |
Hieraaetus pennatus |
Booted Eagle |
(العقاب المسيرة (المنتعلة |
64 |
Psittacula krameri |
Ring-necked Parakeet |
درة هندية مطوقة |
65 |
Apus apus |
Swift |
سمامة عادية |
66 |
Ptyonoprogne rupestris |
Crag Martin |
خطاف الشواهق |
Flora Species
|
Species |
Common Name |
Arabic Name |
1 |
Adiantum capillus-veneris |
Southern maidenhair fern |
_____________ |
2 |
Ixiolirion tataricum |
Ixiolirion |
زعيتمان أزرق |
3 |
Pistacia atlantica |
Atlantic Pistachio |
بطم أطلسي |
4 |
Pistacia palaestina |
Palestine Pistacio |
بطم فلسطيني |
5 |
Rhus cariaria |
Sumach; Tanner's sumach |
سماق |
6 |
Arum hygrophilum |
Water Arum |
لوف مائي , كف الدب |
7 |
Arisarum vulgare |
Jack-in-the-pulpit |
_____________ |
8 |
Ceterach officinarium |
Rusty spleenwort |
_____________ |
9 |
Alkanna tinctoria |
Dyer's Alkanet |
حنا الغول |
10 |
Anchusa strigosa |
Pirckly Alkanet |
كحلاء، حمحم ، مصيص |
11 |
Asperago procumbens |
German Madwort |
سلسلة، سيليس |
12 |
Buglosoides teusiflora |
Gromwell | _____________ |
13 |
Cynoglossum creticum |
Blue hound's tongue |
غريف، لزّيق |
14 |
Echium judaeum |
Bugloss | حمحم الغور |
15 |
Heliotropium sp |
Heliotrope |
زريقاء أوروبي |
16 |
Myosotis ramosissima |
Early forget-me-not |
أذن الفأر المتفرع |
17 |
Myosotis uncata |
Forget-me-not |
_____________ |
18 |
Nonea obtusifolia |
Saltwort |
_____________ |
19 |
Symphytum palestaeum |
Comfrey |
_____________ |
20 |
Campanula stellaris |
Star Bellflower |
_____________ |
21 |
Campanula strigosa |
Strigose Bellflower |
زهرة الجرس الشوكية |
22 |
Lagoecia spculum-veneris |
Venus' Looking-Glass |
زهرة الجرس |
23 |
Capparis spinosa |
Egyptian Caper |
كبّار ،قبار |
24 |
Lonicera etrusca |
Honeysuckle |
عبهر, زهر العسل |
25 |
Cerastium dichotomum |
Chickweed; Grasswort |
_____________ |
26 |
Minuartia deciplens |
Sandwort |
أبو حريبة زهري |
27 |
Minuartia hybrida |
Fine-leaved sandwort |
_____________ |
28 |
Paronychia argentea |
Silver Knotgrass |
رجل الحمامة |
29 |
Silene colorata |
Catchfly |
عين البنت |
30 |
Silene vulgaris |
Bladder Campion |
فقيع, طقيق |
31 |
Velezia rigida |
Velezia |
_____________ |
32 |
Cistus creticus |
Pink Rock-Rose |
لبيد زهري |
33 |
Cistus salvifolius |
White Rock-Rose |
لباد أبيض |
34 |
Fumana arabica |
Fumana |
_____________ |
35 |
Fumana thymifolia |
Thyme-Leaved Fumana |
_____________ |
36 |
Helianthemum sallcifolium |
Sun Rose |
جرد , رقروق |
37 |
Achillea biebersteinii |
Yarrow |
جعدة صبيان ، فلفل رفيع |
38 |
Anthemis sp |
Chamomile |
بابونج |
39 |
Atractylis cancellata |
Distaff thistle |
جلوة متحابكة |
40 |
Centaurea iberica |
Iberian Centaury |
مرار شائع |
41 |
Centaurea hyalolepis |
Centaury |
مرار زاحف |
42 |
Chardinia orientalis |
Chardinia |
كاردينيا |
43 |
Cichorium pumilum |
Dwarf Chicory |
_____________ |
44 |
Crepis hierosolymitana |
Crepis hierosolymitana |
صفيرة |
45 |
Crupina Crupinastrum |
Crupina |
كروبينا |
46 |
Dittrichia viscosa |
Clammy Inula |
طيون |
47 |
Echinops sp. |
Globe thistle |
_____________ |
48 |
Filago pyramidata |
Cudweed |
_____________ |
49 |
Helichrysum sanguineum |
Everlasting, Sun-Gold |
بزاز العذراء , دم المسيح |
50 |
Lactuca tuberosa |
Lettuce |
_____________ |
51 |
Launaea capitata |
Clustered Launea |
مرار لبني |
52 |
Notobasis syriaca |
Syrian Thistle |
خرفيش |
53 |
Pallenis spinosa |
Prickly Oxeye |
عين الثور |
54 |
Phagnalon rupestre |
African Fleabane |
قدحة |
55 |
Picnomon acarna |
Yellow Cnicus |
شوك الفار |
56 |
Rhagadiolus edulis |
Rhagadiolus |
_____________ |
57 |
Rhagadiolus stellatus |
Rhagadiolus | رويس |
58 |
Senecio varnalis |
Spring Groundsel |
صفيرة |
59 |
Tanacetum santolinoides |
Globe thistle |
_____________ |
60 |
Thrincia tuberosa |
Thrincia |
_____________ |
61 |
Tragopogon coelesyriacus |
Goat's-Beard |
ذنب الفرس |
62 |
Urospermum dalechompii |
Sheep's beard |
_____________ |
63 |
Varthemia iphinoides |
Varthemia |
كتيلة، صفيرة |
64 |
Convolvulus palaestinus |
Palestine bindweed |
_____________ |
65 |
Convolvulus arvensis |
Bind weed |
مداد، لبلاب الحقول |
66 |
Sedum rubens |
Red Stonecrop |
عرف الديك |
67 |
Umbilicus intermedius |
Navalwort |
عصا الراعي |
68 |
Alyssum damascenum |
Madwort |
_____________ |
69 |
Alyssum iranicum |
Madwort |
_____________ |
70 |
Arabis verna |
Early rocket |
_____________ |
71 |
Biscutella didyma |
Buckler Mustard |
شليق |
72 |
Buckler Mustard |
Disk cress |
_____________ |
73 |
Erophila verna |
Common withlow grass |
_____________ |
74 |
Eruca sativa |
Garden Rocket |
جرجير / روجة |
75 |
Erucaria hispanica |
Erucaria |
غراء |
76 |
Erucaria boveana |
Sand pink mustard |
سليحي, سليح |
77 |
Fibigia clypeata |
Fibigia |
درهمية |
78 |
Hesperis pendula |
Dames rocket |
_____________ |
79 |
Sinapis alba |
White Mustard |
خردل ابيض |
80 |
Sinapis arvensis |
Charlock |
خردل بري |
81 |
Thlaspi arvense |
Pennycress |
_____________ |
82 |
Bryonia cretica |
Cretan Bryony |
عنب الحية, بطيخ الحية |
83 |
Bryonia syriaca |
Syrian Bryony |
_____________ |
84 |
Scirpus holoschoenus |
Bulrush; cluster-headed rush |
_____________ |
85 |
Cephalaria tenella |
Scabious |
زيوان، مرار عسلوجي |
86 |
Pterocephalas brevis |
Pterocephalus |
_____________ |
87 |
Pterocephalas plumosus |
Plumed scabious |
_____________ |
88 |
Scabiosa palaestina |
Scabious |
زيوان، مرار عسلوجي |
89 |
Scabiosa prolifera |
Carmel Daisy |
_____________ |
90 |
Ephedra sp. |
Ephedra |
علند |
91 |
Arbutus andrachne |
Strawberry Tree |
قيقب، القطلب |
92 |
Euphorbia hierosolymitana |
Spurge |
حلببون، حليلوب |
93 |
Quercus aegilops |
Oak |
سنديان متساقط الأوراق |
94 |
Quercus calliprinos |
Evergreen Oak |
_____________ |
95 |
Quercus infectoria |
Deciduous Oak |
_____________ |
96 |
Fumaria densifolia |
Dense-Flowered Fumitory |
شاهترج، رز الدجاج |
97 |
Ceratocapnos turbinata |
Israel fumitory |
_____________ |
98 |
Erodium acaule |
Roman Stork's-Bill |
كسوب الساعة |
99 |
Erodium gruinum |
Storks Bill |
ابرة العجوز الكبيرة |
100 |
Erodium laciniatum |
Cut-leaved stork's bill |
قرنوة مقسمة |
101 |
Geraium rotundifolium |
Geranium |
عطر، غرنوف |
102 |
Geranium libani |
Geranium |
_____________ |
103 |
Geranium lucidum |
Geranium |
_____________ |
104 |
Aegilops ligustica |
Truncate goatgrass |
_____________ |
105 |
Avena barbata |
Slender wild oat |
_____________ |
106 |
Avena sterilis |
Wild Oats |
شوفان |
107 |
Brachypodium distachyon |
Purple false-brome |
_____________ |
108 |
Brumos tectorum |
Drooping brome;Wall grass |
_____________ |
109 |
Catapodium rigidum |
Hard meadow grass |
_____________ |
110 |
Cynosurus effusus |
Dog's tail |
_____________ |
111 |
Echinaria capitata |
Prickly grass |
_____________ |
112 |
Festuca arundinacea |
Meadow- or tall fescue |
_____________ |
113 |
Hordium bulbosum |
Bulbous barley |
شعير بصلي |
114 |
Hordium spontoneum |
Wild Barley |
شعير بري |
115 |
Hyparrhenia hirta. |
Thatching grass |
_____________ |
116 |
Lolium rigidum |
Annual- or Wimmera ryegrass |
_____________ |
117 |
Rostraria smyrnacea |
Hairgrass |
_____________ |
118 |
Piptatherum miliaceum |
Rice millet |
_____________ |
119 |
Poa bulbosa |
Bulbous meadow |
قثاء بصلي |
120 |
Stipa capensis |
Twisted-awn speargrass |
صمعة ، ركيبة |
121 |
Tetrapogon villosa |
Tetrapogon |
_____________ |
122 |
Gynandriris sisyrinchium (iris) |
Gynandriris |
_____________ |
123 |
Iris bismarckiana |
Nazareth iris |
_____________ |
124 |
Ajuga chia |
Chian Bugle |
عشبة الدم |
125 |
Ballota saxatilis |
Horehound |
_____________ |
126 |
Ballota undulata |
Common Black Horehound |
شرمان، كتيلة |
127 |
Lamium amplexicaule |
Henbit deadnettle |
لاميوم |
128 |
Lamium moschatum |
Musky Archangel |
كريس , جرية الحمامة, قريس جاج |
129 |
Micromeria nervosa |
Savory |
زعتر غير شائع |
130 |
Phlomis viscosa |
Jerusalem Sage |
ركلب الجمل , مصيص |
131 |
Prasium majos |
Great hedge nettle |
_____________ |
132 |
Salvia hierosolymitana |
Jerusalem Sage |
ورق اللسان, لسينة |
133 |
Salvia indica |
Large-Flowered Sage |
لسينة هندية |
134 |
Scutellaria brevibracteata |
Scutellaria |
_____________ |
135 |
Stachys cretica |
Cretan Woundwort |
_____________ |
136 |
Teucrium polium |
Felty Germander |
قدحة |
137 |
Ziziphora capitata |
Field basil |
_____________ |
138 |
Anagyris foetida |
Bean Trefoil |
خروب الخنازير |
139 |
Anthylis tetraphylla |
Anthylis |
_____________ |
140 |
Astragalus cruciatus |
Astragalus |
خزام القط |
141 |
Astragalus deinacanthus |
Milk-vetch |
القتاد الحلقي |
142 |
Calicatome villosa |
Thorny Broom |
القندول، الجربان |
143 |
Ceratonia siliqua |
Carob |
الخروب |
144 |
Coronilla scorpinoides |
Scorpion senna |
قرنيلا |
145 |
Hippocrepis unisiliquosa |
Horseshoe vetch |
حدوية وحيدة القرن |
146 |
Hymenocallis cincinnatus |
Disk trefoil |
_____________ |
147 |
Lathyrus aphaca |
Vetchling |
جلبان عفقة |
148 |
Lathyrus blepharicarpus |
Vetchling |
سيسعة, سعيسعة, جلبانة |
149 |
Lathyrus hierosolymitaus |
Vetchling |
_____________ |
150 |
Lotus cytisoides |
Downy bird's-foot trefoil |
_____________ |
151 |
Lotus edulis |
Edible bird's-foot trefoil |
اللوتس |
152 |
Lotus pereginus |
Bird's-foot trefoil |
_____________ |
153 |
Medicago coronata |
Crown medick |
_____________ |
154 |
Medicago orbicularis |
Shepherd's Bread |
_____________ |
155 |
Medicago radiata |
Medick |
نفل مشعشع |
156 |
Medicago rotata |
Medick |
_____________ |
157 |
Onobrychis squarrosa |
Sainfoin |
العنبريس الحرشفي |
158 |
Ononis pubescens |
Downy rest harrow |
الشبرق الزغبي |
159 |
Ononis viscosa |
Clammy rest harrow |
شبرق لزج نويع الصقلي |
160 |
Pisum fluvum |
Yellow wild pea |
بسلة كهرمانية |
161 |
Pisum syriacum |
Pea |
البازلاء |
162 |
Psoralea bituminosa |
Bituminose Pitch Trefoil |
_____________ |
163 |
Scorpiurus muricatus |
Scorpion's tail |
_____________ |
164 |
Tetragonolobus palaestinus |
Four-winged pea |
سيسعة، جلثون، سيبعة |
165 |
Trifolium angustifolium |
Narrow-leaved clover |
_____________ |
166 |
Trifolium campestre |
Yellow Clover |
قرط أصفر |
167 |
Trifolium clusii |
Clover |
_____________ |
168 |
Trifolium clypeatum |
Shield Clover |
النفل المدرع |
169 |
Trifolium purpureum |
Purple Clover |
نفل قرنفلي |
170 |
Trifolium resupinatum |
Pink Clover |
نفل وردي |
171 |
Trifolium stellatum |
Star Clover |
برسيم نجمي |
172 |
Trifolium tomentosum |
Woolly trefoil or Woolly clover |
كريشة الراعي /نفل البر |
173 |
Vicia sativa |
Common Vetch |
بيقية ضيقة الأوراق،فول مزروع |
174 |
Allium truncatum |
Garlic |
ثوم العرب، ثوم الجبل |
175 |
Asparagus stipularis |
Asparagus |
زهر الهواء ،عجرم |
176 |
Asphodelus aestivus |
Asphodel |
غيصلان - عطعاط |
177 |
Leopoldia eburnea |
Tassel Hyacinth |
بلبوس عاجي |
178 |
Muscari bicolor (Leopoldia) |
Grape-Hyacinth |
بصل الحية ، اجراس زرقاء |
179 |
Ornithogolum montanum |
Star of Bethlehem |
صاصل جبلي |
180 |
Ornithogolum narbonensis |
Star of Bethlehem |
صاصل ناربوني, نجمة بيت لحم |
181 |
Smilax aspera |
Prickly Ivy |
_____________ |
182 |
Tulipa agenensis |
Tulip |
تيوليب., زنبق, قرن الغزال |
183 |
Urginea maritima |
Sea-Squill |
عيصلان, بوصلان |
184 |
Linum srictum |
Upright yellow flax |
_____________ |
185 |
Linum nodiflorum |
Flax |
كتان عقدي الزهر |
186 |
Linum pubescens |
Pink Flax |
آتان زهري |
187 |
Alcea acaulis |
Stemless Holly Hock |
ختمية زاحفة |
188 |
Alcea setosa |
Holly Hock |
خبيزة زهور ختمية |
189 |
Malva parviflora |
Mallow |
خبيزة |
190 |
Ficus carica |
Fig |
تين عادي |
191 |
Olea europa |
Olive |
زيتون بري |
192 |
Anacamptis pyramidalis |
Pyramid orchid |
_____________ |
193 |
Cephalanthera longifolia |
Sword-Leaved Helleborine |
أوركيد أوراق السيف |
194 |
Limodorum aborytivum |
Violet Limodore |
اوركيد بنفسجي |
195 |
Neotinea maculata |
Dense-spiked orchid |
_____________ |
196 |
Ophrys anatolica |
Anatolian Orchid |
_____________ |
197 |
Orchis transhyrcana |
Spider Orchid |
اوركيد العنكبوت |
198 |
Orchis sancta |
Holy Orchid |
الاوركيد المقدس |
199 |
Orchis tridentata |
Toothed Orchid |
اوركيد مسنن |
200 |
Papaver subpiriforme |
Poppy |
الخشخاش الأبجر |
201 |
Pinus halepenisisn |
Aleppo- or Jerusalem pine |
صنوبر حلبي |
202 |
Plantago lanceolata |
Plantain |
لسان الحمل الصغير |
203 |
Rumex cyprius |
Dock,Sorrel |
حميض |
204 |
Anagalis arvensis |
Pimpernel |
عين القط، عين الجمل |
205 |
Cyclamen persicum |
Cyclamen |
سيكلامن، قرن الغزال |
206 |
Cytinus hypocistus |
Cytinus |
_____________ |
207 |
Adonis annua |
Pheasant's Eye |
أدونيس مسنن |
208 |
Adonis microcarpa |
Pheasant's Eye |
حنون البس |
209 |
Adonis palestina |
Pheasant's Eye |
الأدونيس الفلسطيني |
210 |
Anemone coronoria |
Common Anemone |
أنيمون، شقائق النعمان |
211 |
Clematis cirrhosa |
Evergreen Virgin's-Bower |
حبل مسكي |
212 |
Clematis flammula |
Sweet virgin's bower |
_____________ |
213 |
Nigella cioiaris |
Fennel Flower |
_____________ |
214 |
Ranunculus asiaticus |
Buttercup |
_____________ |
215 |
Ranunculus millefolium |
Buttercup |
_____________ |
216 |
Reseda lutea |
Yellow Mignonette |
حصادي |
217 |
Rhamnus palestinus |
Palestine buckthorn |
سويد فلسطين |
218 |
Amygdalus communis |
Bitter Almond |
لوز |
219 |
Crataegus aronia |
Hawthorn |
زعرور عادي |
220 |
Crataegus azarolus |
Hawthorn |
زعرور |
221 |
Pyrus syriaca |
Syrian Pear |
كمثرى سورية |
222 |
Sarcopoterium spinosum |
Thorny Burnet |
البلان، النتش |
223 |
Cruciata articulata |
Cruciata |
_____________ |
224 |
Galium aparine |
Cleaver's goose grass |
_____________ |
225 |
Galium judoicum |
Judean bedstraw |
_____________ |
226 |
Galium pisiferum |
Bedstraw |
غاليوم بسلي الثمر |
227 |
Rubia tinctorum |
Madder; Dyer's madder |
_____________ |
228 |
Valantia hispida |
Bristly Crosswort |
_____________ |
229 |
Osyris alba |
Gardarobe; Poet's cassia |
زنبق الماء |
230 |
Thesium bergeri |
Bastard toad flax |
_____________ |
231 |
Thesium humile |
Dwarf thesium |
کوفية القمح |
232 |
Kickxia aegyptiaca |
Fluellen |
فم السمكة |
233 |
Parentucellia flaviflora |
Broad-leaved eyebright |
_____________ |
234 |
Scropholaria xanthoglossa |
Figwort |
_____________ |
235 |
Verbascum sp. |
Mullein |
البصير الشجري |
236 |
Veronica persica |
Persian speedwell |
زهرة الحواشي الفارسية |
237 |
Veronica polita |
Twin speedwell |
_____________ |
238 |
Cheilanthes fragrans |
Lip Fern |
سرخس |
239 |
Mandragora autumnalis |
Mandrake |
تفاح المجانين ، شجاع |
240 |
Solanum luteum |
Nightshade |
عنب الثعلب الصوفي |
241 |
Styrax officinalis |
Storax-Tree |
العبهر |
242 |
Ainsworthia trachycarpa |
Ainsworthia |
_____________ |
243 |
Artedia squamata |
Artedia |
ارتيديا |
244 |
Astomaea seselifolium |
Astomaea |
أستومايا أنجداني الأوراق |
245 |
Bifora testiculata |
Small coriander |
الكزبرة الصغيرة |
246 |
Chaetosciadium trichosperum |
Hairy-seeded chervil |
مشط الزهرة |
247 |
Bulpeurum nodiflorum |
Hare's ear |
الدبيق،أو ضلع البقرة |
248 |
Bulpeurum lancifolium |
lancifolium |
حلوان |
249 |
Daucus bicolor |
Daucus |
_____________ |
250 |
Eryngium creticum |
Syrian Eryngo |
شنراب , شوك العركباتي |
251 |
Ferulago nodosa |
Fennel |
شومر ، شمر |
252 |
Lagoecia cuminoides |
Common wild cumin |
حشيشة الذهب |
253 |
Lecokia cretica |
Cretan Lecokia |
_____________ |
254 |
Orlaya daucoides |
Broad-fruited bastard parsley |
_____________ |
255 |
Orlaya daucoides |
Broad-fruited bastard parsley |
_____________ |
256 |
Scandix pecten-veneris |
Venus Comb |
مشط الراعي |
257 |
Smyrniopsis cachroides |
Smyrniopsis |
_____________ |
258 |
Torilis arvensis |
Spreading hedge-parsley |
_____________ |
259 |
Torilis leptophylla |
Fine-leaved hedge-parsley |
كزبرة |
260 |
Parietaria sp. |
Parietaria |
لسان الطير, خشيشة الجدار |
261 |
Valeriana italica v. dioseoridis |
Italian Valerian |
نبات الناردين الايطالي |
262 |
Valerianella muricata |
Corn salad |
_____________ |
263 |
Valerianella vesicoria |
Bladder-fruited corn salad |
حشيشة القط |